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METABOLISM: biochemical reactions occurring in cells (:explode: ATP…
METABOLISM
: biochemical reactions occurring in cells
Enzymatic Rxns :green_cross:
Oxidation Reduction Reactions
Oxidation: loss of e- or H atom
Reduction: gain for e- or H atom
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G L U C O S E
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GLYCOLYSIS
(converts glucose to pyruvic acid)
1 6C molecule becomes 2 3C pyruvate
2 steps of glycolysis require ATP while other steps trap energy in ATP or e- in NADH
Doesn't require O2; pathway for aerobic and anaerobic catabolism
Anaerobic Fermentation (occurs in absence of O2, reduces pyretic acid to
lactic acid
Aerobic Respiration (occurs in presence of O2 and H2O via
citric acid cycle
occurs in CYTOSOL
Pyruvate Metabolism
(x2)
Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
1C from pyruvate is released becoming CO2 and a coA is added
2 Pyruvate become 2 Acetyl coA
yield:
2
CO2 and
2
NADH
Net Yield:
2
ATP,
2
NADH, H2O
OX PHOS
inner mitochondrial membrane space to intermembrane space
H+/e- from NADH, FADH2 create pool of H+ (move from area of high concentration to low concentration) via ATP synthase which converts ADP :arrow_right: ATP
yield: ~28 ATP
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
Takes place in Mitochondrial Matrix
2 Acetyl coA lose coA and combines with OAA to become citrate
yield:
4
CO2,
6
NADH,
2
FADH2,
2
ATP
:explode: ATP Production:explode:
Extract energy from biomolecules (carb, lipid, protein)
ADP + P :arrow_right: ATP
Catabolic Pathway
ATP isn't stored. The body stores other molecules. ATP is an
energy transfer molecule
Metabolism of "other" biomolecules
glycogenolysis
(catabolism)
releases glucose between meals
glycogen is lysed (conversion of glycogen to glucose in hepatocytes and skeletal muscles
occurs quickly (single enzymatic step) splits of one glucose molecule from glycogen
gluconeogenesis
(anabolism) makes new glucose
occurs mainly in liver
occurs after weeks of fasting
make glucose from noncarbs (lactic acid, glycerol, AA's)
glyconeogenesis
(anabolism)
the average adult stores 400-500g glycogen (1/4 in liver, 3/4 in skeletal muscle
stimulated by insulin
glucose :arrow_right: glycogen
body stores excess glucose as glycogen & is stored in liver & skeletal muscle
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L I P I D S
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lipid molecules contain CHO
triglycerides are most abundant lipid in body (stored in adipocytes)
Metabolism
Lipogenesis
(anabolism): uses sugars and AA's to synthesize triglyceride precursors (glycerol & fatty acids)
Lipid Storage
energy reserves, provides lrg. amounts of ATP (slowly), Difficult for H2O soluble enzymes to reach
Lipolysis
(catabolism): hydrolyze fat for fuel, breaks lipids down intro glycerol + fatty acids, GLYCEROL :arrow_right: PGAL :arrow_right: glycolysis, fatty acids :arrow_right:Acetyl coA :arrow_right: citric acid cycle
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P R O T E I N S
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Protein Synthesis
All Proteins but from 20 AA's
Lrg. AA pool (diet & tissue breakdown)
Protein Catabolism
Free AA's can be converted to ketoacids
kept acids convert to pyruvtic acid or acetyl coA to enter citric acid cycle