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Cardiac Surgery (Respiratory Management (After cardiac Surgey, most…

- - - - Congenital anomaly or valve calcification, rheumatic heart disease, hypercholesterolemia
    - - Congenital anomaly, infective endocarditis, long-standing hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis.
  - - - Rheumatic Disease, calcification, infective endocarditis
    - - Connective tissue weakening, chordae tendineae rupture, CAD, rheumatic disease, infective endocarditis, cardiomyopathy
- - - - Narrowing of aortic valve, impeding LV emptying
    - - Leakage of blood from aorta back into LV during diastole, increasing LV afterload
  - - - Narrowing of mitral valve, impeding LV filling, decreasing preload
    - - Leakage of blood from lV back into LA during systole
- - - - Harsh systolic murmur at base of heart; exertional dyspnea, angina syncope
    - - Soft diastolic murmur, fatigue, palpitations, wide pulse pressure, bounding pulses
  - - - Accentuated first heart sound and P2 is pulmonary hypertension; exertional dyspnea, fatigue, angina, plus signs of RV failure
    - - Pansystolic murmur; dyspnea, PND (Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea), orthopnea fatigue, and palpitations caused by A-fib
- - - - 2D doppler echo confirms presence and severity
    - - ECG showing LV hypertrophy
  - - - Chest radiograph showing LA dilation and pulmonary congestion without cardiomegaly
      - ECG showing LA dilation, A-fib, and RV hypertrophy
      - 2D and doppler echo confirms presence and severity
    - - X-ray showing LA dilation WITH cardiomegaly
      - 2D echo and Doppler confirms presence and severity