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Fallacies (Fallacies of Presumption (Begging the question (petitio…

- - - - Resates false premise in slightly diff. languages
        
        Premise supports conclusion + conclusion reinforce premise
        
        hateful & inhuman, simple reason, could not possibly
      - Leaving out the false key premise => create illusion
        
        Use rhetorical phraseology: of course, clearly, after all, being the case
        
        Religious topics:predisposed to believe => accept
      - Cicular reasoning in a chain of inferences-> 1st premise=false
  - - - Conceals evidence that may contracdict/undermine the premises presented in support of a conclusion
  - - - Lure listener to accept conclusion by presenting 2 alternatives that though are jointly exhastive, when there are more viable alternatives exist.
- - - - Appeal to Unqualified authority (argumentum ad Verecundiam)
        
        Cited authority = not credible (expertise in one not in what mentioned)
      - Appeal to Ignorance (arg. ad Ignorantiam)
        
        Premise=nobody has proved X =true => Conclusion: X = false =>proven
      - Hasty Generalization (converse accident)
        
        Premise: Not representative sample (small/not randomly selected sample) => Conclusion: general rule = generalization
      - False cause
        
        Link bet premise + conclusion = imagined causal connection
      - Slippery Slope
        
        Conclusion depends on chain reaction that's not sufficient to for support Unlikely chain of reaction
      - Weak analogy
        
        Premises (a,b,c) not support/affects conclusion
    - - Appeal to pity
      - Appeal to people (Argumentum ad Populum)
        
        Indirect approach
        
        Appeal to snobbery
        
        target smaller + Superior gr of ppl
        
        Appeal to vanity
        
        Famous figure you love do this => you too
        
        Bandwagon
        
        everybody believes/do this => you too
        
        Appeal to tradition
        
        things been done alot in past => in future
        
        Negative emotions
        
        appeal to fear
      - Appeal to force
      - Appeal against the person (2 arguers)
        
        ad hominem abusive
        
        responding arguer attacks opposing arguer (personality/reputation=> only one characteristic)
        
        tu quoque (you too)
        
        2nd arguer attempts to make 1st arguer = arguing in bad faith=> life features/behavior of 1st arguer conflict w/ conclusion
        
        how dare you arguer that I should stop doing X when you do it too
        
        ad hominem circumstantial
        
        discredit opponent via several things that affect the opponent
      - Accident
        
        general rule wrongly applied to specific case
      - Straw man
        
        Distort opponent's argu => attacks the distorted arg.
      - Missing a point (ignoratio Elenchi)
        
        Premise= conclusion A but not Real conclusion
      - Red Herring
        
        Diverts attention of reader via changing subject to diff but related one.