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Gas Exchange (Plants (Spongy Mesophyll communicates with the guard cells…
Gas Exchange
Plants
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Plant leaves contain an air space, where the oxygen and carbon dioxide remains in the plant before being used or leaving.
Palisade mesophyll cells contain most of the plants chlorophyll. This is the site of photosynthesis in the plant.
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The epidermis is the protective, outer layer of the plant.
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Fish
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Gill filaments have a large surface area, so there is a larger amount of lamellae in the gills.
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Lamellae are at right angles to the gill filaments and increase surface area. They also have a thin exchange surface (one cell thick).
Counter-current flow is where the water and the blood flow in opposing direction. It helps maintain a steep concentration gradient, at all times, across the whole of the gill.
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Insect
This means that water diffuses by osmosis, down its water potential gradient, from the tracheoles, into the muscular cells.
Oxygen then enters through the spiracles, in the thorax of the insect, and travels through to the trachea, and then to the tracheoles.
When respiring anaerobically, the insect creates lactate in the cell, lowering the water potential
Oxygen then enters the muscle cells, going down its concentration gradient.
Rhythmic abdominal movements can be used to pump carbon dioxide out of the insect, whilst pumping oxygen into the insect, at the same time.