Language
Language is symbolic
naming
names are one way to shape and reinforce a child's personal identity.
Sexism and Racism
by now it should be clear that the power of language to shape attitudes goes beyond individual cases and influences how we perceive entire groups of people.
Language is rule governed
Meaning are in people, not words
There's nothing natural about calling your loyal.
Ask a dozen people what the same symbol means, and you are likely to get 12 different answer.
Phonological rules aren't the only ones that govern the way we use language to communication.
Credibility
Scholarly speaking is a good example of how speech style influences perception.
Status
In the classic musical my fair Lady, Professor Henry Higgins transformed Eliza Doolittle from a lowly flower girl into a high-society woman by replacing her cockney accent with an upper-crust speaking style.
For example, casa miller and Kate swift argue that incorrect use of the pronoun he to refer to both men and women can have damaging results.
Attraction and interest
the power of racist language to shape attitudes is difficult to avoid, even when it is obviously offensive.
The nature of language
Language is symbolic
meaning are in people, not words
Language is rule governd
The power of language
language shapes attitude
language reflects attitudes
Troublesome language
the language of misunderstandings.
Disruptive language
Evasive language
Gender and language
language similarities and differences in language use .
Understanding gender differences in language use.
Transcending gender boundaries.
Idea
Besides shaping the way we view ourselves and others, language reflects our attitudes. Feeling of control, attraction, commitment, responsibility- all these and more are reflected in the way we use language.
power
communication researchers have identified a number of language patterns that add to.
Affiliation
Power isn't the only way language reflects the status of relationships.
Social custom discourage us from expressing like or dislike in many situation.
Responsibility
In addition to suggesting liking and importance, language can reveal the speaker's willing to accept responsibility for a massage
idea
Decades of research have demonstrated that the power of speech to influence status is a fact.
Language can also be a way of building and demonstrating solidarity with others.
When people are reluctant to speak candidly, the language they use can suggest their degree of interest and attraction toward a person, object, or idea.
Demonstrative pronoun choice
These people want our help (positive) versus those people want our help (less Positive)
negation
It's good ( positive) versus it's not bad (less positive)
sequential placement
Isn't always significant. you may put " toilet bowl cleaner" at the top of your shopping list simply because it's closer to market door than is champagne.
Equivocal language
The most obvious kind of language problems are semantic.
not all linguistic problems come from misunderstandings.
Equivocal words have more than one correct dictionary definition.
Slang and jargon
For example, is the school you attend large or small? this is depends on what you compare it to: Alongside a campus like UCLA, with an enrollment of more than 30000 students.
Slang is language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar co-culture or other group.
Overly abstract language
most object, events, and ideas can be described with braying degrees of specificity.
Lower items focus ladder specifically on the person, object or event.
Higher-level abstractions are a useful tool because without them language would be too cumbersome to be useful.
Confusing facts and opinions
opinion statements are based on the speaker's beliefs.
Factual statements are claims that can be verified as true or false.
Confusing facts and inferences
For instance
Fact: He hit a lamppost while driving down the street.
Inferences: He was daydreaming when he hit the lamppost.
Emotive Language
contains words that sound as if they're describing something when they are really announcing the speaker's attitude toward something.
Evasive language
None of the troublesome language habits we have described so far is a deliberate strategy to mislead or antagonize others.
However
we will consider euphemisms and equivocation, two type of language.
Euphemlisms
is a pleasant term substituted for a more direct but potentially less pleasant one.
idea
which the euphemistic pulling of linguistic punches can be face saving.
Interpreting your responses.
If you circled mostly 1s, 2s and 3s, you tend to be a mindful communicator who regards language as a powerful and precise tool.
content
The first research on the on the influence of gender on conversational topics was conducted more than 70 year ago.
Despite the changes in male female roles since then, some gender-linked patterns remain remarkably similar.
For instance
Both men and women are more striking than the similarities,
However
Female friends spend more time discussing relational issues such as family, friends and emotions.
Conversational style
Some scholarship shows little difference between the ways men and women converse.
For example
The popular myth that women are more talkative than men may not be accurate.
Nongender Variables
Despite the difference in the ways men and women speak, the link between gender and language use isn't as clear-cut as it might seem.
For example,
One analysis of more than 1200 research studies found that only 1 percent of variance in communication behavior resulted from sex difference.
It is very interested chapter because it teach us how it is important to use the powerful language otherwise it can affect other people feeling or to us.
I am not confused about this topic I understand everything.