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Chapter 4 (The Nature of Language (Rule Governed (Phonological Rules…

- - - - Dialect-A version of the same language that includes substantially different words and meanings
        
        Meanings are in people, not words
  - - - Ex. Survivor and victim. in reference to violent assaults they have the same denotative meaning, but each has different connotations
  - - - Ex. The word champagne is spelled the same in French and English but pronounced differently.
    - - Ex. In English we cant say "Have you the cookies brought?"
    - - Ex. We bake cookies, we ride bikes, we read books
    - - Ex. How people greet each other, are they being nice or kidding around, etc.
        
        Reappropriation- The process by which members of a marginialized group reframe the meaning of a term that has historically been used in a derogatory way
- - - - "Men and woman talk about different things" certain tendencies when woman talk to woman and men talk to men but not always
        
        When romance is concerned, its complicated. TRUE.
        
        Men and woman communicate for diff. reasons. OFTEN TRUE.
        
        Woman are emotionally expressive. OFTEN TRUE.
        
        Men dont show their feelings.PARTLY TRUE, PARTLY FALSE.
    - - Men and woman are hardwired to communicate differently. Partly true, but less than most assume.
        
        Men and woman are socialized to communicate differently. TRUE.
- - - - Credibility (Ex. Speech style and how we regard it)
        
        Status (Ex. people of standard dialect being rated higher than nonstandard speakers in a variety of ways)
        
        Worldview (Linguistic Relativism-The notion that language influences the way we experience the world)
        
        Sexism and Racism (Ex. Fireman, Policeman)
    - - Affiliation (Convergence-Accomodating one's speaking style to another person, usually a person who is desirable or has higher status
        
        Ex. Me talking to my professor differently than how I talk to my friends
        
        Divergence-A linguistic strategy in which speakers emphasize differences between their communicative style and that of others to create distance
        
        Ex.Members of an ethnic group using their own dialect to show solidarity
        
        Linguistic Intergroup Bias-The tendency to label people and behaviors in terms that reflect their in-group or out-group
    - - The language we use can suggest the degree to which we like/dislike something
        
        Ex. "It's good" vs "It's not bad"
    - - Can reveal the speakers willingness to accept responsibility for a message
        
        Ex. my boyfriend saying "You make me angry" vs "I get angry when you do...."
- - - - Equivocal Language-Words that have more than one dictionary definition
        
        Ex. In English we say we need a ride, while in Ireland that has sexual connotations
      - Relative Words-Words that gain their meaning by comparison
        
        Ex. Fast and slow, large and small
      - Slang-Language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similiar coculture or other group
        
        Ex. "Jimmys"
        
        Jargon-Specialized Vocabulary used as a kind of shorthand by people with common backgrounds and experience
    - - Varying levels of specificity
        
        Abstraction Ladder-A range of more to less-abstract terms describing an event or object
    - - Ex. Telling my boss "I don't know..it might work.." instead of telling him I think he has a bad idea
        
        can cause problems
        
        Behavioral Descriptions- An account that refers only to observable phenomena
        
        In what circumstances does the behavior occur?
        
        What behaviors are involved?
        
        Who is involved?
    - - Confusing facts and opinions
        
        Factual Statements-A statement that can be verified as being true or false
        
        Ex. It rains more in Seattle than it rains in Los Angeles
        
        Opinion Statement-A statement based on the speaker's beliefs
        
        Ex. Los Angeles has a better climate than Seattle
      - Confusing Facts and Inferences
        
        Inferential Statements-A conclusion arrived at from an interpretation of evidence
        
        Nothing wrong w/ making inferences as long as identifying them as such
        
        Ex. You stopped and slammed the door. It looked to me as if you were furious.
      - Emotive Language- Language the conveys an attitude rather than simply offering an objective description
        
        Ex. Me asking my boyfriend to clean up his "junk"
    - - Used to avoid communicating clearly
        
        Euphenisms-A mild or indirect term or expression used in place of a more direct but less pleasant one
        
        Ex. full figured rather than overweight
        
        Equivocation- A deliberately vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way
        
        Ex. "I've never seen an outfit like that before."