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Communication and Culture Feminism (Butler (1990) (Argues that gender…
Communication and Culture Feminism
Feminism
The belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities.
Butler (1990)
Argues that gender identity isn't something we are born with, we learn to 'perform' masculinity and femininity via the world around us (especially through media representations). Therefore, she states, gender identity is constructed NOT fixed.
Gender as performance - the argument that we all put on a gender performance whether traditional or not. Some people may choose to change gender norms and the binary understanding of what is masculine and feminine.
Butler suggests that...
Gender is not some inner truth but the presence of relieved meanings.
Gender is not fixed but constructed.
Patriarchal society
A system where men are in authority over women in all aspects of society.
Laura Mulvey 'the Male Gaze' (1975)
How men look at women
How women look at themselves
And how women look at other women
Mulvey believed that cinema audiences are always put in the position of a heterosexual male
Male Inequality
The idea that men's issues are over - looked
Rape Culture
A society or environment whose culture both normalises and trivialises sexual assault, sexual abuse and/ or sexual harassment
Gender roles
A set of societal norms dictating the types of behaviour which are generally considered acceptable, appropriate or desirable for people based on their actual or perceived sex or sexuality.
Bell Hooks (1981)
Believes that feminism is a political commitment to end the struggle against patriarchal oppression - NOT a lifestyle choice.
Anti - Feminism
An ideological opposition to feminism
Radical Feminism
Radical or militant feminists seek to abolish patriarchy by challenging existing social norms and institutions rather than through a purely political process. It could be argued that it is this group of feminists that give feminism a bad name which can lead to ... anti feminism.
Hall (1990)
Suggested that stereotyping is a form of representation that reduces groups of people to a few oversimplified characteristics or traits. Separately, he also theorised that there are 3 ways to read a media text; preferred, negotiated and oppositional.
Van Zoonen (1994
)
Believes that gender is constructed by discourse (the language socialisation tools like education and media etc discuss it in) and that gender identity changes according to its historical and cultural context. She also suggests that the display of womens bodies as objects to be looked at is a core element of western patriarchal culture.
Gauntlett (2002)
Suggested that the media provides us with 'tools' or resources that we use to construct our identity. Male and female gender roles used to be straightforward but in contemporary society, the media is starting to offer us a diverse range of stars, icons and characters that we can pick and mix our identities from.
Gender and lifestyle - Gauntlett argues that in contemporary society...
Gender roles are more complex and that the media reflects this.
Female role models today can be glamorous as well as successful in a way that was previously not seen.
Our expectations of gender are flexible and culturally dependent and therefore will continue to change.
Objectification
Degrading someone to the status of a mere object
Gerbner (1976)
Studied the long-term effects of television viewing. He suggested that exposure to repeated patterns of representation over long periods of time can shape and influence the way we see the world around us, cultivating our views and opinions (cultivation theory)
Post - Feminism
Feminist ideology becoming "common sense"
Oakley(1998)
Socialisation into gender roles: The difference between sex and gender
Sex refers to biological differences between men and women
Gender is the social role that goes with someone's sex, and is an important aspect of their identity.
Gender roles vary widely between different cultures
Gender roles in the family: Socialisation into different gender roles begins at the home. Four ways in which gender socialisation occurs in the primary agency of socialisation:
Manipulation
Different activities
Verbal Appellations
Canilisations
Queer Theory
Homosexual readings of texts and the theorisation of 'queerness' itself. Queer theory builds upon feminists ideas that gender is socially constructed