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Carbohydrates (DRD= Diet related diseases (2 types of diabetes mellitus…

- - - - Leads to damages to nervous syytem, blindless,, kidney failure, amputation of limbs
    - - Type 2: The body is unable to respond insulin due to medical reasons
        
        glucose remains longer in the blood stream instead of being used for the body
    - - insulin has to be injected into the body
- - - - simplest form of sugar molecules
      - dissolves easily in water to form: colourless, sweet solutions
      - 3 types of it:
        
        glucose
        
        simplest form of sugar.
        
        found naturally in ripe fruit and honey.
        
        commercially produced from cereals such as maize(corn)
        
        fructose
        
        known as fruit sugar. also found in ripe fruit.
        
        sugar found in honey is mostly made up of fructose.
        
        galactose
        
        linked with glucose to form lactose.
      - crystal-like in appearance.
    - - 3 types of it:
        
        sucrose
        
        glucose+fructose
        
        lactose
        
        known as milk sugar.
        
        made up of glucose and galactose molecules
        
        only found in milk products.
        
        maltose
        
        made up of two glucose molecules
        
        obtain from cereal grains, e.g. barley
        
        used in making candies and cor syrups
        
        obtain from cereal grains, e.g. barley
      - made up of two monosaccharide molecules joined together.
      - white crystalline solids ( sweet and soluble in water )
  - - - made up of many monosaccharide molecules linked together
      - unlike simple carbohydrates, these are not sweet nor soluble in water
      - 4 types of it:
        
        starch*
        
        produced by plants.
        
        examples of starchy food;
        
        wheat, rice and oats
        
        as well as root and stem vegetables; potatoes,yam and tapioca.
        
        cellulose
        
        strong structural material which provides support to plants.
        
        made up of many glucose molecules linked together ( like starch )
        
        does not dissolve in water and cannot be digested.
        
        however, it aids digestion by making it easier to remove waste materials from body.
        
        no nutritional value
        
        hairlike fibres
        
        pectin
        
        mostly found in citrus fruits,apples and plums.
        
        can help lower blood sugar and blood cholesterol levels in body when consumed.
        
        soluble in water.
        
        commonly used as setting agent for jams and jellies.
        
        gum-like substance
        
        glycogen
        
        acts as short-term energy reserve in body.
        
        conversion of excess glucose and stored in muscles and liver.
        
        can be converted back to glucose when body needs energy. Excess glycogen not used by body will be converted to body fats.
      - Destrine
        
        brown crust formed in toasted products
- - - - convert to glycogen, storing into the body for short- term energy
- - - - food that are high in polysaccharides
        
        E.g. starch, cellulose and pectin
        
        Non-starch polysaccharides as an example like cellulose and pectinn
        
        mostly found in vegetables that provides fibre in our diet
    - - dissolves easily in water
        
        found in sugar, candies, ice cream, cakes and biscuits