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Chapter 4: The History of Prehistory (Principles of Natural Selection (How…
Chapter 4: The History of Prehistory
19th Century Anthropology
Cultural Evolution: changes in civilization
C.J. Thomsen: Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age
Herbert Spencer: Applied biological model of evolution to culture
Edward Burnett Tylor: Cultures developed primitive to complex
Lewis Henry Morgan: Savagery :arrow_forward: Barbarism :arrow_forward: Civilization
Opposition to evolution
Franz Boas: All cultures and societies are equal and comparable(no superior or inferior societies)
Current Thought: Societies develop through relationship between internal factors, environment and outside influences, not in isolation
Principles of Natural Selection
How species change throughout time; based on gradual changes in frequency of some traits over others
In every generation, some individuals contain traits that allow them to
survive and reproduce more successfully
in a given environment
Tied to variation and heritability of favoured traits. Adaptive trait = favoured trait
If environment changes, trait that was once favoured
may not be favoured
in new environment
1) Variation: differences in the genotype and phenotype of individual members of a species
2) Heritability: the concept that traits are inherited from parent to offspring
3) Differential Reproductive success:differences in the chances of an organism surviving and leaving offspring that will also survive
Greek Philiosophers
Plato & Aristotle
Organisms move toward perfection
Aristotle: used similarities to classify animal into: groups(genera) and sub-groups(species)
"Chain of Being" : all living things linked together in an unbroken chain
18th Century Biology
Carl Linnaeus(1707- 1778)
Taxonomy
: Based on similarities and differences among organisms
Ever higher grouping of inclusive traits: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Jean-Baptitste Lamarck(1744-1829)
Acquired Inheritance:
Traits developed during the course of a lifetime
Passed from parent to offspring
Process
guided by environmental change
= alters the needs of organisms
Theory of Acquired Inheritance
17th-19th Century Geology
Catastrophism
Layers of rock represented different catastrophic events(biblical flood, earthquakes, volcanoes)
George Cuvier: Different layers had different kinds of fossils
Robert Hooke: extinctions due to both catastrophe and slow acting processes
Uniformitarianism
Repeated processes operated throughout time. Processes the same in past present and future
James Hutton: slow, uniform processes of erosion
Charles Lyell: Earth constantly being shaped and reshaped through slow acting processes of erosion and deposition
Species
1) Biological:only successfully interbreed with each other(Horses, Donkeys)
2)Morphological: share the same morphological traits
3)Phytogenetic: Species are monophyletic (DNA or other genetic materials)
Speciation
Development of new species
Bottle necks: gross reduction in population size
Isolation(geographic barrier): subpopulation develops separately
Change in Environment: Radically different environments= genetic change