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THE 18TH CENTURY (JONATHAN SWIFT (1667-1745) (used irony, satire, parody…

- - - - deductive method= a conclusion necessarily follows from the premises
        
        mathematics
        
        geometry
        
        logic
      - experimental method = formulation of hypotheses verified though experience
        
        physics
        
        chemistry
        
        biology
      - classification method = division of organisms into groups, classes and families
        
        biology
    - - founded in London in 1662
      - oldest scientific academy in continuous existence
      - motto 'Nullius in verba' = 'take nobody's word for it' = determination to resist the domination of authority and to verify all statements by experiment.
      - through policy work, journals, scientific meetings, events, worldwide partnerships and grants and awards, the Royal Society works to support excellence in science, building a home and future for science in the UK.
  - - - promoted the circulation of ideas
      - gathering points to exchange opinions
      - box numbers for advertisers
      - meeting places for the most important companies
    - - Tories = royalists, believed in the divide right of the monarch, opposed religious toleration
      - Whigs = descended from Parliamentarians, supported by the wealthy and commercial classes, fought for industrial and commercial development
  - - - women among the most interested readers
      - middle-class readers want stories that entertain them and make them reflect
      - spread of circulating libraries
      - spread of literacy #
    - - told in chronological order
      - narrator = mouthpiece of the middle-class man
      - realistic settings and names
      - simple and factual language
  - - - The Spectator (1711 - Addison)
      - The Tatler (1709 - Steele)
      - The Review (1704 - Defoe)
      - The Times (1788)
- - - - new middle-class hero
        
        has a pragmatic and individualistic outlook ##
        
        applies the rational method in all situations #
        
        retrieves materials and food from the ship before it sinks
        
        plans and then builds a shelter
        
        explores the surroundings in order to find food
        
        find the best spot for temporary shelter
        
        is restless, in search of his own identity
        
        is the prototype of the English coloniser
        
        has a patronizing (friendly but feeling superior) attitude towards Friday
        
        wants to be called "master" by Friday
        
        teaches Friday English
        
        makes Friday wear clothes
      - the island = blank slate
        
        a chance to prove the hero can exploit and dominate nature
        
        a chance to recreate the society of 18th century England, exalted for its ideals of mobility, productiveness and individualism
- - - - a satire of Swift's contemporary England, whose defects are exposed through a continuous shift in perspective
        
        Book 2 - Brobdingnag (a land of giants)
        
        Book 3 - the Flying Island of Laputa (absent-minded scientists)
        
        "projectors" waste time and money on absurd experiments that have no public interest
        
        is a critique of the excessive faith in science, of the gap between science and public interest
        
        "projectors" look scruffy, shabby, dirty
        
        is a parody of the Royal Society #
        
        Book 4 - the Houyhnhnms (rational horses) and the Yahoos (vile creatures resembling humans): when Gulliver returns home, he is disgusted with his fellow humans
        
        Book 1 - Lilliput (a land of tiny creatures)
      - Gulliver is both the instrument and the object of satire
    - - suggested that the poverty of the Irish could be relieved by selling Irish children as food for the rich