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Early Astronomers (Galileo (Born in Pisa, Italy approximately 100 years…
Early Astronomers
Galileo
Born in Pisa, Italy approximately 100 years after Copernicus, Galileo became a brilliant student with an amazing genius for invention and observation
He had his own ideas on how motion really worked, as opposed to what Aristotle had taught, and devised a telescope that could enlarge objects up to 20 times
He published his observations which went against the established teaching of the Church. He was brought to trial and, although he made a confession of wrong-doing, he was still imprisoned for life (house arrest).
Sir Isaac Newton and Johannes Kepler, seized its importance and were able to learn even more about the ways of the world and the heavens beyond.
Martian Canals
The Martian canals were a network of gullies and ravines that a 19th century scientist mistakenly believed to exist on the red planet. The canals were first “discovered” in 1877 by Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli.
After other stargazers corroborated his claim, the canals became something of a phenomenon. Scientists drew detailed maps tracing their paths, and soon wild speculation began on their possible origins and use.
Perhaps the most absurd theory came from Percival Lowell, a mathematician and astronomer who jumped to the bizarre conclusion that the canals were a sophisticated irrigation system developed by an unknown intelligent species.
Lowell’s hypothesis was widely discredited by other scientists, but it was also popularly accepted, and the idea managed to survive in some circles well into the 20th century.
Aristotle
He is sometimes called the grandfather of science. He studied under the great philosopher Plato in Greece and later started his own school, the Lyceum at Athens
Geocentric theory----idea that the Earth, not the Sun, was the center and everything moved around it
First person to study plants, animals, and people in a scientific way
Copernicus
Well over a thousand years later, Nicolaus Copernicus came up with a radical way of looking at the universe
His heliocentric system put the Sun (helio) at the center of our system
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His ideas, including the revelation that the Earth rotates on its axis, were too different for most of the scholars of his time to accept.
Ptloemy
Even starting with this incorrect theory, he was able to combine what he saw of the stars' movements with mathematics, especially geometry, to predict the movements of the planets. His famous work was called the Almagesti.
Ptolemy was an Egyptian astronomer and mathematician born around 100 AD. He believed that the Earth was the center of the universe.
Johannes Kepler
Kepler developed what are known as the Laws of Planetary Motion (Three Laws)
1-Planet orbits are ellipses with the sun near the center
2 and 3 mean that a planet moves fastest when it is closest to the sun and slowest when it is the most distant
Spontaneous Generation
For thousands of years it was believed that life regularly arose from the elements without first being formed through a seed, egg, or other traditional means of reproduction. The main ambassador of the theory was Aristotle
Aristotle based his own ideas on the observation of the ways maggots would seemingly generate out of a dead animal carcass, or barnacles would form on the hull of a boat. This theory that life could literally spring from nothing managed to persist for hundreds of years after Aristotle, and was even being proposed by some scientists as recently as the 1700s.
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Key Words
Hypothesis---an educated guess based on observations (Doesn’t matter if its right or wrong because we will find out the truth by experimenting)
Theory---an idea believed to be true but not 100% proven
Law---A scientific law is a theory that has been tested and retested many times and is believed to be true 100% of the time