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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS (ALKANE (Alkanes with four Cs are gases at room…
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
ALKANE
Alkanes with four Cs are gases at room temperature, insoluble in water, not very reactive, non solvent in non polar solvents, less dense that water.
ALCOHOL
Can be considered derivatives of water, low molar mass, soluble in water, as length of chain increases solubility in water decreases, flammability decreases as size of the molecule increases, they react with carboxylic acid to form esters.
HALOALKANE
Lower ones are gases, insoluble in water, boil at high temperature, react with water to form alcohol, have submission reactions.
ALKYNE
Generally non-polar with little solubility in polar solvents, molecules of four or fewer carbon atoms tend to be gases, strong C-C bond, incomplete combustion when burnt in air.
ALKENE
Can be found in solid, liquid and gaseous state. Melting and boiling points similar to alkanes, weak dipole-dipole interactions, insoluble in water, undergo halogenation.
ALDEHYDE
Higher boiling points than hydrocarbons, but lower than alcohols, lower members soluble in water, nucleophilic reactions, oxidation and reduction.
KETONE
Only oxidized by agents with the ability to break C-C bonds, freely soluble in water, covalent bond between O and C, low bp.
CARBOCYLIC ACID
Strong hydrogen bonding between molecules, high boiling points, acids with 1 to 4 carbons are completely miscible with water, solubility decreases as carbon chain length increases.
ESTER
Boiling point at 77.1°, derived from carboxylic acids, solubility decreases with increasing chain lengths, different melting points determine wether the compound is a fat or not.
ETHER
Weak polarity, the ones containing up to 3 atoms are soluble in water. Lower bps compared to isomeric alcohols.
AMIDE
Simple amides are solid, high melting and boiling points, they resist hydrolysis in plain water.
AMINE
Electrophilic reagents, high boiling points because of the primary amines, they form hydrogen bonds with each other, dipole-dipole interactions, small amines are very soluble in water.
NITRILE
Liquid at room temperature, soluble in water electronic structure similar to the one of alkyds, set of ione pair electrons on the N.
ACYL CHLORIDE
Lack the ability to form hydrogen bonds, low boiling and melting point.
ARENE
Stable, van der Waals dispersion forces, insoluble in water, resistant to addition actions.