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Background of Cognitive Psychology (Historical Antecedents (Brain Studies,…
Background of Cognitive Psychology
Historical Antecedents
Rationalism - Mind
Rene Descartes: I
doubt
, I think therefore I am. / Mind-centered notion. / mind separate from body (dualist)/ innate view - born with things in our mind allow us to learn
Empiricism - Experience
John Locke, David Hume, George Berkeley: sensory experience(see, hear, feel instead of thought) / knowledge gain through learning / mind is a blank slate to gather knowledge only from learning
Immanuel Kant - synthesis of both views
Interaction between mind and experience / born with categories of thought
Schemas - in the mind as a function of experience
Methodology
Herman von Helmholtz: create the first response time as measurement
Gustav Fechner: psychophysicist - mathematically calculate the color and intensity....(jnd = just noticeable difference)
Wilhelm Wundt
Leipgig, Germany, 1879 established psychological institution.
Introspection
- focus and recall the experience later - try to break mind experience into elements
Edward Titchener - structuralism (reducing experience to simplest elements) - consciousness reducible to 3 basic states: sensations / images / affections
Functionalism
William James: purpose / function of mind
Associationism
Herman Ebbinghaus
systematically apply associationist techniques - memory learning(create non sense words and test himself)
Edward Thorndike
"satisfaction" (reward and motivation) in forming associations / law of effect
Behaviorism
John B. Watson, founder: observable behavior & understand reflexes/ predicting and controlling behavior (thinking is irrelevant) / psychology as a rigorous science
B. F. Skinner: radical behaviorist - give me a child and i can turn it into anything (empiricism) - operate conditioning
Gestalt Psychology
Max Wertheimer: the whole is greater than some of its parts - contract to structuralism/ behaviorism - born with certain place things to group things in certain way - focus on percerpt what we see (rationalism) - motor experience - two dots and blinking
Brain Studies
Jean Piaget: reveal children's errors - stages of development
Karl Lashley: ablation studies on rats, maze learning, size of lesion not location determined deficits - but later it is proved incorrect - he is behaviorism interested in brain
Donald Hebb: cell assemblies - adjacent neurons fire concurrently
Cognitive revolution
factors - British scientist during and after WW1
Human factor engineers
applied psychologists
George Miller: limits of capacity
Ulric Neisser: Cognitive Psychology
Noam Chomsky: Linguistics / innate brain structures to handle complex language acquisition - argue against Skinner
Dvelopment in computer science / hierarchies of processes
Concept of modularity
Inference to Best Explanation - visible to explain invisible
3 paradigms of Cognitive Psychology
Information processing: compare to CS processing - limited capacity, happen in order
Connectionist approach: parallel distributed processing (PDP), neural networks parallel vs. serial processing - knowledge more brain-based
Neuroimaging approach: brain function gives rise to mental activity / data based on neural activation of human participants
Neural Basis of Cognition
Capgras Syndrome(book)
damaged amygdala - lack of emotional response(familarity)
diminished activity in right prefrontal cortex which related to planning or careful analysis
Thus, different part of brain works together
Brain
Forebrain
Thalamus
relay station for sensory inputs
Hypothalamus
regulation of autonomic nervous system / regulation of "fight or flight"; motivated behavior including eating drinking, sex
Limbic System
Hippocampus
learning & memory
Amygdala
emotion & emotional learnig
Cerebral Cortex
80% of human brain
grey matter / white matter(axons)
gyri (bumps) / sulci (folds) - fissure: save space
Midbrain
coordinated movements of eyes and ears; pain regulation;conscious regulation in conjunction with hindbrain
Hindbrain
key life functions: breathing, balance, swallowing,cerebellum
Four lobes
Frontal Lobe
central fissure differentiates frontal lobe from parietal lobe
executive / decision
Parietal Lobe
somatasensory processing / spatial / attention
Temporal Lobe
lateral fissure differentiates frontal&parietal and temporal lobe
memory processing / language/ object perception / auditory
Occipital Lobe
vision processing
Motor and Somatosensory Projection Area
primary motor cortex
primary somatosensaory cortex
primary auditory cortex
primary association cortex
Hemisphere
left-lateralized language
Wernicke's Area
mainly temporary lobe
Broca's area
mainly frontal lobe
Split-brain
contralateral processing (as well as motor control: contralateral)
Left: language processing & peicemeal
Right: face processing & holistic
longitudinal fissure - left and right hemisphere
corpus callosum
10 pounds, dehydrated: 10oz
Neuron
Resting potential
negative: inside of axons is slightly
negative charged
(polarized)
than the outside of axon by -70
action potential: depolarization
Depolarized = positively charged
synaptic transmission
parts of neuron
cell body: reproduction functioning / produce NTs
myelin sheath: more effiicient
Techniques
Static Imaging
CT/CAT
3D X-ray
MRI
detect brain anatomy
Electrical recordings
ERP
researchers often use this - take signal for certain amount of time and average it - temporal record of neural activity
EEG
time - temporal resolution instead of spatial resolution
lesion
blood supply cut off after stroke (occur naturally - pair with static imaging to figure out)
Metabolic Imaging (measure metabolic changes in blood flow to analyze neuron)
PET
radioactive tracer 15O - more blood will rush into the part of the brain being used
subtraction method: brain activation in one state to compare with the other state
can't do individual trails
FMRI
recording over time, every seconds the person is doing a task
relies on Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Signal (oxy-hb)
can look at individual trail
TMS
Single-cell recordings
record from one or several neurons / present stimulation to animals and see the fire of the neurons / mapping out the receptive field (often used in vision research )
Cognitive Neuroscience definition
The mind is what the brain does(no dual) / localization of function