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RESPIRATORY (THE PULMONARY VOLUMES & CAPACITIES (Residual Volume(RV) -…

- - - - Supported by nosebridge. Anteroinferiorly from nosebridge, there is one pair of lateral cartilages and two pairs of alar cartilages
      - Flared components of nostrils are dense irregular connective tissue. The nostrils open into the inferior surface of the nose that leads into the nasal cavity.
      - Composed of bone, hyaline cartilage, and dense irregular connective tissue covered by skin externally.
    - - Nasal septum (septal nasal cartilage) divides the cavity into left and right portions.
      - Floor of nasal cavity is formed by the hard and soft palate. Roof is composed of the nasal, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.
      - Oblong-shaped cavity that extends from the nostrils to paired openings (choanae) that leads to pharynx.
      - Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae are three paired bony projections located along the lateral walls of nasal cavity, which produce turbulence. They partition into separate air passageways (nasal meatus; lies inferiorly)
      - Nasal cavity is divided into three parts
        
        Olfactory region -- superior portion of the nasal cavity that contains olfactory epithelium (pcc epithelium) and sensory receptors that detect odors).
        
        Nasal vestibule -- immediately internal to the nostrils and lined by skin and coarse hairs (vibrissae)
        
        Respiratory region -- lined by mucosa composed of pcc epithelium. Lamina propia of mucosal lining has an extensive vascular network (nosebleeds/epistaxis) and nasolacrimal ducts.
      - THE PARANASAL SINUSES --- ducts that connect the sinuses are lied by PCC epithelium
    - - Laryngopharynx --- Directly posterior to larynx.
        
        Common passageway for air and food.
        
        Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial.
        
        Laryngeal inlet connects the pharynx to the larynx
      - Oropharynx --- Immediately posterior to oral cavity.
        
        Houses the palatine tonsils.
        
        Houses the lingual tonsils (first line of defense against foreign substances)
      - Nasopharynx --- Normally only allows for passage of air.
        
        Houses pairs opening into auditory tubes (eustachian tubes; to middle ear)
        
        Houses Pharyngeal tonsil which, much like tubal tonsils (located inferiorly), are composed of lymphatic tissue and help prevent the spread of infection.
  - - - Corniculate (2) --- horned-shaped portion composed of hyaline cartilage and located interiorly.
      - Cuneiform (2) --- wedge-shaped portion composed of hyaline cartilage and located interiorly.
      - Arytenoid (2) --- composed of hyaline cartilage and is located interiorly.
      - Epiglottic --- leaf-shaped projection that is anchored to the inner aspect of thyroid cartilage (elastic cartilage). Closes over laryngeal inlet during swallowing.
      - Cricoid --- ring-shaped portion, located inferiorly to thyroid cartilage and composed of hyaline cartilage.
      - Thyroid --- largest shield-like portion of larynx. composed of hyaline cartilage.
        
        Contains laryngeal prominence (V-shaped anterior projection).
    - - Submucosa --- areolar connective tissue. - large blood vessels, nerve endings, sereous/ mucous glands, and lymphatic tissue.
      - Tracheal cartilage
      - Mucosa --- composed of pcc epithelium with goblet cells (mucus) and lamina propia
      - Adventitia -- Elastic connective tissue
    - - Main --- The first portion of the branch, right after the carina.
        
        Right main bronchi is shorter, wider, and more vertically orientated to the lung than the left main bronchi.
      - Lobular --- Branches that branch off of the main bronchi that extend into the lungs.
        
        The right lung has 3 lobular bronchi while the left has 2.
        
        Further segmented by segmented bronchi; Right has 10, left has 8 - 10.
    - - Terminal -- Simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium.
        
        Are the last portion of the conducting pathway.
      - Respiratory -- Simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium (less cilia). The beginning of the respiratory zone and extend from the terminal bronchioles.
    - - Alveolar type II cell -- Secrete pulmonary surfactant, coating inner alveolar surface.
        
        Oppose the collapse of the alveolus (antagonist to type I cells)
      - Alveolar macrophage -- Fixed (in connective tissue of alveolar walls) / free (migrate) leukocyte.
        
        Engulf microorganisms/ particles in alveoli.
        
        May be expelled though lymph vessel or coughed up as sputnum
      - Alveolar type I cell -- form alveolar wall (95%)
        
        Moist; makes alveoli prone to collapse (high surface tension)
        
        Acts as a barrier that separates the air in alveoli with blood in pulmonary capillaries.
      - Respiratory membrane -- thin barrier in which O2 and CO2 diffuse; allows erythrocytes in the blood to become oxygenated; O2 in the blood goes to tissue cells; CO2 from the blood into the alveolus and then into atmosphere.
        
        Composed of alveolar epithelium w/ basement membrane and capillary endothelium w/ BM.