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Attachment studies (Cultural variations (Evaluation (Large samples,…
Attachment studies
Cultural variations
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Evaluation
Large samples, therefore higher internal validity as less anomalies.
Unrepresentative sample, as different parts of a country may have different child rearing techniques.
Biased methods of assesment - imposed etic, e.g. German mothers.
Van Ijendoorn
Procedure:
- 32 studies of strange situation in 8 countries.
- 15 in US.
- 1990 children overall.
- Results meta-analysed.
Results:
- Attachment most common in all countries.
- 75% secure in Britain, 50% in China.
- 3% insecure-resistant Britain, 30& in Israel.
-Insecure-avoidant most common in Germany & least in Japan.
Results:
- Most insecure were resistant & only 1 avoidant.
Stages of attachment
Schaffer & Emerson:
- 60 babies - 31 male & 29 females.
- Glasgow & mostly skilled working classes.
- Visited every months first year & again 18 months.
- Asked questions of kinds of protests in everyday situations.
- Between 25 & 32 weeks, 50% babies show separation anxiety towards particular adult.
- by 40 weeks, 80% babies had specific & 30% multiple attachments.
Study evaluation
Longitudinal study, therefore has better internal validity than cross-sectional as don't have confounding variable of individual differences.
Limited sample representation due to all families being from same social class, city & district, therefore can't generalise.
Carried out in families homes, therefore infant behaviour not likely to be influenced & has good external validity.
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Strange situation
Procedure:
- Controlled observation.
- Two-way mirror.
- Behaviours used to judge attachment: proximity seeking; exploration & secure base behaviour; stranger anxiety; separation anxiety; response reunion.
Results:
- Secure: 60-75%.
- Insecure avoidant: 20-25%.
- Insecure resistant: 3%.
Evaluations
Good inter-rater reliability, e.g. Bick et al, 94% agreement between observers.
Culture-bound test, e.g. Takahashi found rare seperation between Japanese mother & babies.
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Romanian orphan studies
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Evaluations
Fewer extraneous variables than other orphan studies as no variable like loss or trauma, therefore high internal validity.
Romanian institutions not typical, i.e. especially poor standards of care, therefore lacks generalisability.
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Rutter's ERA
Procedure:
- 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
- Physical, cognitive & emotional development assesed at 4, 6, 11 & 15 years.
- 52 British children as control.
Results:
- Upon first arrival, most undernourished & half showed delayed intellectual development.
- Different rates of recovery at 11, based on their age at adoption.
- Mean IQ of orphans before 6 months was 102.
- Between 6 months & 2 years was 86.
- 77 after 2 years.
- Children adopted after 2 years showed disinhibited attachment.
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Bowlby
Maternal deprivation
44 thieves
Procedure:
- 44 criminal teens.
- Interviewed for psychopathy.
- Family interviewed for maternal deprivation.
- Control group set up.
Results:
- 14/44 affectionless psychopaths.
- 12/14 experienced prolonged separation.
- 5 of remaining experienced separations.
- Control group 2/44 experienced separations.
Evaluation
Counter-evidence from Lewis, who replicated study for 500 young people & couldn't predict criminality or difficulty forming relationships.
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