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Respiratory (Pulmonary Volumes (Inspiratory Reserve Volume the maximum…
Respiratory
Pulmonary Volumes
Inspiratory Reserve Volume the maximum volume that can be inhaled after a normal inhale. Normal adult values range from 1900-3300 mL.
Expiratory Reserve Volume the maximum volume that can be exhaled after a normal exhale. Normal adult values range from 700-1200 mL.
Residual Volume the amount of air left in the lungs after exhaling completely. Normal adult values average 1200 mL
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Inspiratory Capacity is the Tidal Volume + the Inspiratory Reserve Volume. The normal adult value ranges from 2400-3800 mL.
Functional Residual Capacity is the Residual Volume6 the Expiratory Reserve Volume. Normal adult values range from 1800-2200 mL.
Vital Capacity is the Tidal Volume+ Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume. Normal adult values range from 3000-4600 mL
Total Lung Capacity is the Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume+ Expiratory Reserve Volume+ Residual Volume. The normal adult volumes range from 4200-6000 mL
Medullary centers
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Chemoreceptorsin the medulla monitor change in concentration of H+, PCO2 and PO2 in the blood and then send signals to respiratory center with nerves.
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Laws of Respiration
Boyle's Law- states that at constant temperature, the pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container increases and vice versa. P1V1=P2V2 where p1 and v1 represent the initial conditions and the p2 and v2 represents the changed conditions
Dalton's Law- states that the total pressure in a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of all of the individual partial pressures
Henry's Law- states that at a given temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is dependent upon the partial pressure of the gas in the air and the solubility coefficient of the gas in the liquid
Anatomy
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose and nasal cavity are the first structures of the conducting passageway for inhaled air. The nasal cavity floor is made from hard and soft pallet while the roof is made from the nasal, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bone
The sinuses associated with the nasal cavity, called paranasal sinuses, are the frontal sinus , ethmoid sinus, maxillary sinus,and sphenoid sinus
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The pharynx is a passageway for air and food located posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx
Nasopharynx is located posterior to the nasal cavity. Normally only air passes through this portion of the pharynx. The nasopharynx is the location of eustachian tubes used to equalize pressure in the ear.
Oropharynx is located posterior to the oral cavity. The palatine and lingual tonsils are located here and provide defense against ingested or inhaled foreign materials
Laryngopharynx is the inferior region of the pharynx and is located posterior to the larynx. Acts as a common passageway for both food and air
Lower Respiratory Tract
The Larynx serves as a passageway for air, prevents ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract, produces sound for speech and assists in increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity.
The Thyroid cartilage is the largest laryngeal cartilage and forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx. Sometimes called the adam's apple
The Vocal folds are inward extensions of mucous membranes in the larynx. They are responsible for speech.
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The Trachea is a flexible, slightly rigid, tubular organ used to transport air to and from the lungs. the trachea is composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium to move mucus up the trachea from the lungs. Located in the Mediastinum
Primary Bronchi the point in which the trachea forks. The left and right main bronchi connect to the posterior portion of the lung
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Aveolar ducts are small airways that branch off respiratory bronchioles, aveoli are found along the walls of aveolar ducts.
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The Lungs houses the bronchi, bronchioles, and aveolar ducts. Located in the Plueral cavity
Gas transport in blood
Oxygen transportation in blood is dependent on two factors. the solubility coefficient of oxygen in blood plasma and the presence of hemoglobin
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