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RNAV (VOR - Ch 4 THETA FIX Flying Vor Radial = GC track (Indicators …

- - - - Localiser
        
        40 Channels
        
        VHF: odd 1st decimals i.e .1X, .5X) = VHF:108.00-112.00MHz
        
        Yellow Left Lobe 90Hz
        
        Blued Right Lobe 150Hz
        
        Installed about 300 m from the non-approach end of the runway, on the extended centreline.
        
        EXAM: Localiser coverage
        
        +/- 10º of the runway centreline out to 25 nm
        
        +/- 35º of centreline out to 17 nm
        
        False LOC beams occur outside protected zone - produce reverse sensing
        
        0.5deg each dot laterally *(Full deflection = 5 dots = 2.5deg)*
        
        Localiser back beam (due to side lobes) may be used if FMC programmed to reverse the directions (make them correct)
      - Glide Path
        
        40 Channels
        
        UHF 328.6 - 335.4MHz
        
        Yellow HIGH Lobe 90Hz
        
        Blue LOW Lobe 150Hz
        
        One dot deflection is 0.14deg (Full scale deflection = 5 dots = 0.70deg)
        
        The glide slope aerial is 300m in front of the runway threshold
        
        To continue an approach you must remain within half scale deflection. Failure to do so means you must go around
        
        Glidepath coverage
        
        Upper limit = Glideslope angle * 1.75
        
        Lower Limit = Glideslope angle * 0.45
        
        False Glide path = multiples of the original i.e. if GP = 3 degrees….the first is 6deg
      - Marker Beacons
        
        Up to 3 marker beacons transmit at 75MHz
        * EXAM: Learn the COLOURS…modulating FREQS and the IDENTS - WAB
        
        ROD = θ x (groundspeed/60) x 100 (where θ = glide path)
        
        Height Passing(ft) = θ x Range from touchdown (nm) (* 6080) x 100
        
        IM -75-150m (Threshold) - White -3000hz - Hi Tone - 6 dots/sec
        
        MM - 1050m (1/4-1/2nm) - Amber -1300hz - Med tone - 3 Alternating dots, dashes (per sec)
        
        OM - 6.5-11.1km (4-5nm)- Blue -400hz - Lo Tone - 2 dashes/sec
- - - - Surface waves follow the curvature of the Earth.
        
        Sky waves bounce back from the ionosphere towards the Earth’s surface.
        
        Space waves follow a straight(ish) line through space (line of sight).
        
        Ground waves are a combination of Surface and Space waves.
        
        * Lower frequency radio waves in the VLF, LF, MF and HF bands comprise surface waves and sky waves.
        * The higher frequency radio waves in the VHF, UHF, SHF and EHF bands propagate as space waves.
        
        Exam: What happens to ionosphere at night
        
        D (lowest) layer disappears
        
        E layer virtually disappears
        
        F (highest) layer goes up
        
        Signal is REFRACTED from F layer therefore radio wave will TRAVEL FURTHER i.e. quality is better
      - Skip distance: the distance from the transmitter to the position of the first returning sky wave.
        
        Dead space: the gap between the end of the surface wave and the first returning sky wave. Also known as the skip zone.
        
        Fading: sky and surface signals interfere with each other. As a result the transmission may be unusable.