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Student Assessments (Diagnostic, Formative , Summative, Performance-based,…
Student Assessments
Diagnostic
Formative
Summative
Performance-based
High-stakes
Portfolio
Self-assessment
Peer-Assessment
Authentic
Example
: College Board's SAT and ACT exams, Washington State's Comprehensive Assessment of Science (WCAS).
Advantage
: Establishes a baseline for a student or class.
Disadvantage
: May cause an instructor to make incorrect assumptions about a student's ability level.
Primarily useful
for learning
because educators use the data gained to determine which content to teach and which teaching strategies to use.
Example:
Student Survey: Students complete a survey about their ideas or understandings about a certain topic.
Formative assessment
is a range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment.
Advantages:
Indicate which students need help along the way before the final tests. Allow teachers to address issues with learning and understanding early on instead of waiting until after summative assessment.
Example:
Draw Two Names: You have one minute to think about how you might summarize today’s lesson. Two names will then be drawn and those two people will stand and each give a thirty second summary of the key points of the lesson.
Disadvantages:
Some teachers find them time-consuming. Because they carry little or no point value, students may not take the assessments seriously, which may cause teachers to misread feedback from students.
Primarily an assessment
for learning
because educators use the data to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student learning.
References
Summative assessments
are assessments used to evaluate student learning, skill acquisition, or academic achievement at the end of a defined instructional period, typically at the end of a project, unit, course, semester, program or school year.
Advantages:
Can measure the value of educational programs and measure progress toward improvement goals.
Primarily an assessment
of learning
because it provides educators and students with information about the attainment of knowledge. Focuses on the outcome.
Disadvantages:
Not always the most accurate measure of learning, and they don't identify or attempt to fix learning problems. And they make everyone tense and anxious!
Example:
A final project or a semester exam.
A form of assessment in which students are asked to perform real-world tasks that demonstrate meaningful application of essential knowledge and skills -- Jon Mueller
Advantages:
Allows students to demonstrate their work to an authentic audience. ... Allows students to identify the benefits of project work; good for identifying unanticipated consequences.
Disadvantage:
Difficult to set up and administer, especially with a large number of students.
Primarily an assessment
of learning
because to they require students to apply and demonstrate the skills and knowledge they have mastered.
Examples:
Writing stories and reports, and reading and interpreting literary works.
Peer assessment
is an assessment for which students grade each other's assignments or tests based on a teacher's benchmarks.
Self-assessment
is an assessment in which students grade their own assignments or tests based on a teacher's benchmarks.
A diagnostic assessment
is a pre-teaching assessment that allows a teacher to determine students' individual strengths, weaknesses, knowledge, and skills prior to instruction. It is primarily used to diagnose student difficulties and to guide lesson and curriculum planning.
Disadvantages:
Peer pressure to
apply elevated grades or friendships may influence the assessment, though this can be
reduced if students can submit their assessments independent of the group. Students will have a tendency to award everyone the same mark. Students feel ill equipped to undertake the assessment. Students may be reluctant to make judgements regarding their peers.
Primarily an assessment
for and of learning
because students assess skills and knowledge displayed in the assignment, but students also learn from the assessment process and can learn from the feedback they receive.
Example:
Students peer assess each other's original tall tales writing assignment according to a six-trait writing rubric provided by the teacher.
Advantages:
Encourages student involvement and responsibility, Encourages students to reflect on their role and contribution to the process of the assignment, Focuses on the development of student’s judgment skills.
Disadvantages:
Self evaluation has a risk of being perceived as a process of presenting inflated grades
and being unreliable. It might increase teacher workload with need to brief students on the process as
well as on-going guidance on performing self evaluation. Students feel ill equipped to undertake the assessment.
Primarily an assessment
for and of learning
because students assess skills and knowledge displayed in the assignment, but students also learn from the assessment process.
Example:
Students assess own fairy tale writing assignment according to a six-trait writing rubric provided by the teacher.
A
portfolio assessment
is an assessment form that learners do together with their teachers that contains samples of the learner's work and shows growth over time.
Advantages:
Highlights student strengths.
Identifies student weaknesses for remediation, if timed properly. Can be used to view learning and development longitudinally. Multiple components of the curriculum can be assessed (e.g. writing, critical thinking, technology skills.
Disadvantages:
Time consuming and challenging to evaluate. Time intensive to convert to meaningful data. Costly in terms of evaluator time and effort.Management of the collection and evaluation process, including the
establishment of reliable and valid grading criteria, is likely to be challenging. Security concerns may arise as to whether submitted samples are the
students’ own work or adhere to other measurement criteria.
Primarily an assessment
of learning
because all of the pieces submitted in the portfolio are assessed as expressions of student learning.
Example:
Students turn in a portfolio of their best examples of writing in different forms taught in class at the end of the semester.
A
performance-based assessment
measures students' ability to apply the skills and knowledge learned from a unit or units of study. Typically, the task challenges students to use their higher-order thinking skills to create a product or complete a process. (Chun, 2010)
Advantages:
Can be used to assess multiple components of learning. Using a student-centered design can motivate students. Encourages time spent on academics outside of class. Can allow teacher to operate as a mentor instead of as judge.
Disadvantages:
Time-consuming and labor intensive to design and execute. Must be carefully designed if used to document whether student has reached learning standards. Sample of student behavior or performance may not be typical, especially if observers are present.
Primarily an assessment
of learning
because students display learning and mastery of skills and knowledge in performance.
Example:
Students form teams and debate a philosphical issue from the point of view of a literary character.
High-stake assessments are tests that are used to determine whether a student passes into the next grade, whether a teacher retains his or her job or receives a bonus, and whether a school receives penalties such as the removal of the principal or the teachers or more comprehensive changes to the school's approach.
Advantages
Helps identify areas of education that need improvement. Helps teachers learn more about student needs . The testing data is almost always made public and readily available. Children improve their test-taking abilities. Standardized tests are more fair.
Disadvantages:
High-stakes tests encourage schools to narrow curriculum so students do well on tests, pushing out non-tested subjects like social studies and the arts. Low-income students and students of color are more likely to be held back or have their schools closed for low scores. High-stakes standardized testing focuses on a multiple-choice approach that ignores other qualities and skills that we want students to develop.
Primarily an assessment
of learning
because they assesses student content knowledge and skill mastery at different age levels.
Advantages:
Encourages student involvement and responsibility, focuses on the development of student’s judgment skills, reduces teachers' workload(!), feedback may be more relevant because it comes from peers, and might help motivate students because they know that their effort will
be graded by their peers.