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Cranial Cavity and Brain (Week2) (Meningeal Layers (Periosteum, Dura …
Cranial Cavity and Brain (Week2)
Prof Raj's Tutorial
Things to note
:
Foramen rotandum
exits behind inferior orbital fissue
ICA
goes through Carotid canal, not Foramen lacerum
Sella Turnica
contains hypophyseal fossa
Vertebral Artery
goes through foramen magnum
Note position of
lesser wing of sphenoid
Fossas
Major Fossas
Posterior Cranial Fossa
Occipital Bone
Bleed into posterior wall of neck (battle sign)
Anterior Cranial Fossa
Frontal Bone
Bleed into orbits through cribiform plate
Orbital haematoma
Middle Cranial Fossaa
Temporal Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Bleed into pharynx/sinus/blood (stomach upset)
Minor Fossas
Pterygopalatine Fossa
Between maxilla and pterygoid process of sphenoid
Apex of orbit (infra-orbital fissure)
Nerves
CN5b
Infra orbital fissure
Zygomatic
Infra orbital canal
Infra orbital
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Nasopalatine
Pharyngeal
Greater palatine
Lesser palatine
Blood Vessels
Maxillary Artery (Parotid>Infratemp>Pterygopalatine)
Maxillary Veins
Greater Petrosal Nerve (Branch of CN7)
Infratemporal Fossa
Inferior and Medial to zygomatic arch
Maxillary Artery
Pterygoid plexus (veins)
Nerves
CN5c
Posterior Superior alveolar (Branch of CN5b)
Chorda Tympani
Otic ganglion
Lesser petrosal
Vascular Supply
Crucial: Neurons more sensitive to oxygen deprivation
Very metabolically active
Venous Drainage
Dural Venous Sinus
Cavernous Sinus
Superior Petrosal
Transverse Sinus
Sigmoid sinus
IJV
Inferior Petrosal
Superior Sagittal Sinus
Archanoid granulations
Venous lacunae
Superior Cerebal Veins drain into SSS
Confluence of Sinuses
Inferior Sagittal Sinus
Arterial Supply
Internal Carotid Artery
Circle of Willis
Circulatory Anastamosis
Middle Cerebral Artery
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Opthalmic Artery
Posterior Communicating Artery
Posterior Cerebral Artery
Basilar Artery
Pontine Arteries
Superior Cerebellar Arteries
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries
Vertebral Artery
External Carotid Artery
Superior Thyroid
Ascending Pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior Auricular
Maxillary
Superficial Temporal
ANASTAMOSE WITH OPTHALMIC (ICA)
Ventricular System
CSF produced in choroid plexus found in
All ventricles (Lateral, 3rd & 4th)
Flow outward into
Lateral to 3rd, 4th
Lateral > 3rd > 4th
Central Canal (Spinal)
Makes a loop at the bottom
Flows back up
Subarachnoid Cisterns
Via Foramen Luschka (x2)
Via Formane Megendie
Meningeal Layers
Periosteum
Dura
Dural Venous Sinus
Venous Lacunae
Tentorium Cerebelli
Falx Cerebri
Prevent movement
Stability of sinuses
Arachoid
Pinch out into Dura (granulations)
Pia
Dural Venous Sinus
Arachnoid Granulations
Sub-dural space
Sub-arachnoid space
CSF flows here
Note
:
Extradura Space
/
Hemorrhage
/ Meningo endosteal space
Periosteum detaches from bone
Bleeding in extradura space
Therefore, periosteum stuck to dura more than bone
Skin
Connective Tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose Areolar CT
S-C-A-L-P
Brain
Main Parts
Cerebrum (CN1-2)
CN1
&
CN2
(Inferior surface of frontal lobe)
Cerebral Cortex
Grey Matter
Outer Layer
Gyrus & Sulcus increase S/A
Gyrus
: Ridge (Protrusion)
Sulcus
: Valley (Fissure)
Central Sulcus
(1o
Motor Cortex
) Pre-central gyrus (Frontal/Motor)
(1o
Sensory Cortex
) Post-central gyrus (Parietal/Sensory)
(2o
Motor Cortex
) Pre-central gyrus (Frontal/Motor)
(2o
Sensory Cortex
) Post-central gyrus (Parietal/Sensory)
Lateral Sulcus
Deep (Limbic System)
(1o
Auditory Cortex
) Superior temporal gyrus (Hearing) "41/42"
(2o
Auditory Cortex
)
Sensory Speech
(Wernicke's)
(
Motor Speech
) Broca's Region
Calcarine Sulcus
Primary Visual Cortex
Around Sulcus
Occipital Lobe
Longitudinal Sulcus
Corpus Callosum
(White matter) connects R/L Hemisphere
Pre-frontal Cortex
Homunculus
: Representation of body parts on surface of brain (Contralateral)
Motor
Homunculus
(Size by dexterity)
Sensory
Homunculus
(Size by sensitivity)
Distribution
Lateral Cerebrum
: Face/Oropharynx
Medial Cerebrum
: Torso/Upper Limb
Longitudinal Fissure
: Lower Limb
*Exceptions: Sensory additional - digestive tract + external genitalial
Parieto-occipital Sulcus
Separates Occipital Lobe from Parietal Lobe
Diencephalon
(grey matter)
Thalamus
Integration Centre (Sensory/Motor/Cognitive)
Hypothalamus
Control (Endocrine/Autonomic/Sexual/Bio-clock)
Cerebellum
Coordinates voluntary movement (smooth, balance, accuracy)
Controls: Tone, Posture, Equilibrium
Brainstem
(CN3-12)
(Awakeness, VItal Centres)
Midbrain
CN3
&
CN4
Pons
CN5
(Mid pontine level)
Medulla Oblongata
CN9
,
CN10
,
CN11
&
CN12
Pontine Medulla Junction
CN6
,
CN7
&
CN8
Limbic System
(Side of thalamus/temporal)
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Cingulate Gyrus
Emotion/Behaviour/Long term memory, olfaction
Ventricular system
: Produces CSF >> Continuous with central canal of spinal cord
Lateral Ventricle (Large, C shaped, 1 for each hemisphere)
3rd Ventricle (Separate R/L thalamus)
4th Ventricle (Separate brainstem from cerebellum)
Lobes
Frontal
(Motor)
Parietal
(Sensory)
Temporal
(Hearing)
Occipital
(Sight)
