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Tetanus (Clinical signs and symptoms (Recent history of penetrating wound:…
Tetanus
Clinical signs and symptoms
Recent history of penetrating wound: including illicit IV drug use
Necrotic anaerobic infections
Trismus ("lockjaw")
Dysphagia and abnormal gas reflex
Facial spasms
Neck stiffness
Ridged abdominal wall
Sympathetic over activity: Irritability, restlessness, tachycardia
EMG continuous discharge of motor units
Pathophysiology
Open wounds exposed to the toxin found in soil
Blocks autonomic neurons in the spinal cord
intense muscle spasms/rigidity
Sympathetic overactivity
Rare due to wide spread immunizations
Differential diagnostics
Toxicology screen for drug-induced dystonias
Neurology assessment for other causes of seizures
Respiratory management
If the upper airway is compromised recommend intubation and mechanical ventilation
Recommend RSI to prevent layrngospasm from increased sympathetic activity
Etiology
Neuromuscular disorder caused by the exposure of the toxin Clostridium tetani
Diagnostics
Presence of serum antitoxin levels > 0.01 U/mL