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Kohlberg (1968) (Theories (Skinner Behaviourist Theory - Positive/Negative…
Kohlberg (1968)
Theories
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Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory - Personality components - id (pleasure), ego (rational), super ego (moral component)
Piaget's Cognitive Theory - Children become more independent with age, rules given by authority figures
Kohlberg Inspired by Piaget's - 3 levels, 6 stages
Study 1
Sample - 75 American boys - aged between 10-16, once study had finished they were between 22-28
Longitudinal Case Study - followed the development of the same group of boys for 12 years by presenting them with hypothetical moral dilemmas
-Procedure - The pp's were presented with hypothetical moral dilemmas in short stories to solve. The stories were to determine each pp's stage of moral reasoning for 25 moral concepts. Each concept was rated with the stages in mind.
-The moral aspect was the value of human life
Aged 10 they were asked "is it better to save the life of one important person or a lot of unimportant people?"
Aged 13,16,20,24 they were asked "should the doctor 'mercy kill' a fatally ill woman requesting death because of her pain?"
Their response was then classified as one the siz stages of moral development
Results - 50% of peoples thinking will be at a single stage, they also showed progress through the stages as they increased in age.
-They always progressed through the stages in the same order, however children go through them at different speeds.
-Once a pp reached a stage they either stopped or progressed
-Not all pp's progressed to stage 6
Study 2
Sample - Boys of other cultures including Great Britain, Canada, Taiwan, Mexico, Turkey
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Procedure - Taiwanese boys, aged 10-13, were asked about a story involving theft of food "A man's wife is starving to death but the store owner won't give the man any food unless he can pay, which he can't. Should he break in and steal some food, why?" Other cultures were tested in a similar way.
Cross-cultural findings - Taiwanese boys aged 10-13 give level 1/stage 2 answers e.g. funeral will cost more, wife can cook for him etc.
-Taiwan development was slightly slower
-Age 16 - stage 5 thinking was more noticeable in Americans than Mexico and Taiwan.
Middle class children were more advanced in moral judgement - move faster through the stages.
-No significant difference in religions
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Aims Find evidence to support his theory of moral development. Show how young adolescents develop into young manhood, they move through the distinct levels and stages of moral development
Conclusions - There is a fixed developmental sequence in an individuals moral development, supporting Kohlberg
-People stop at certain ages
-There is a culturally universality of sequence of stages
-Middle class and working class move through same sequence however middle class move faster and further