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Shock (States (Obstructive (Caused by the blockage of blood flow in the…

- - - - Resulting in decreased LOC and BP; blood is shunted from most main organs to the heart and brain
  - - - Increase in PVR using sympathetic nervous system and RAAS
        
        .
      - Increase in heart rate by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
        
        . Results in maintenance of blood pressure & LOC as well as compensation of metabolic acidosis using respiratory system
      - Decrease in urine output (using RAAS)
        
        .
    - - Cells use anaerobic metabolism in absence of oxygen. This creates metabolic acidosis
        
        Increase in rate and depth of respirations in response to acidosis
        
        .
  - - - Resulting in LOC; Decreased BP; Prolonged cap-refill; blood begins to be shunted to the main organs from the extremities
- - - - Present with increased heart rate, possible muffled heart sounds (cardiac tamponade), decrease in blood pressure due to lack of venous return, increased respiratory rate with possible decreased/absent lung sounds (tension pneumothorax), altered mental status, ECG changes, and JVD
      - Mechanism of injury can indicate the cause. Typical causes are tension pneumothorax and cardiac tamponade
  - - - Present with chest pain, increased heart rate, shortness of breath, possible pulmonary edema, ECG changes, and JVD
  - - - Anaphylactic
        
        Allergic reaction triggers histamine release to cause blood vessel dilation as well as bronchoconstriction. Increased capillary permeability causes fluid to flow into interstitial space. These together cause hypovolemia and swelling.
        
        Present with hypovolemia, respiratory distress, increased heart rate, angioedema, lack of JVD
      - Septic
        
        Caused by a systemic bacterial infection. Inflammatory/immune responses are activated causing vasodilation and increased microvascular permeability (causing fluid to flow into interstitial space.) These result in relative hypovolemia and swelling.
        
        Present with pulmonary edema (caused by increased microvascular permeability in the lungs), hypotension, increased temperature, increased heart rate, and shortness of breath
      - Neurogenic
        
        Caused by damage to the spinal cord above T6
        
        Results in loss of sympathetic tone, characterized by relative bradycardia, hypotension, shortness of breath, lack of JVD
  - - - Present with decreased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, shortness of breath, AMS, ECG changes, lack of JVD