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Chapter 3: Cell Structure (Plant Cells (Mitochondria (Cristae (Folded…
Chapter 3: Cell Structure
Concepts
All organisms are made of cells
Plant Cells are box shaped
Contains Protoplasm
Protoplasm contains organelles
Nuclei
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Physical framework
Where plant’s metabolism occurs
Multicellular organisms
Division of labor
Allows entire organism to become more efficient
As cells become more organized; they rely on other cells to do other work
Unicellular organisms
Does not allow division of labor
Each cell performs all tasks
Selectively disadvantaged
Does not do one job well
Cell Cycle
Mother Cell
Daughter Cell
Basic Cell Types
Prokaryotic
Simple cell
Domain Bacteria
bacteria
cyanobacteria
Domain Archaea
archaeans
Does not have membrane-bound organelles
Eurkaryotic
Complex cell
Plant
animals
fungi
protists
Membrane-bound organelles
Plant Cells
Protoplasm
All substance of a cell
Mass of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and water
Plasma Membrane (plasmalemma)
Membrane that completely covers the surface of the protplasm
Selectively permeable
Nucleus
Stores DNA
Surrounded by a nuclear envelope
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Separates nuclear material from the rest of the cell
Nuclear pores
small holes in the nuclear envelope
Nucleoplasm
Substance located in the nucleus
Contains DNA, histones, RNA, enzymes, nucleic acids, and water
Nucleoulus
Central vacuole
Made up of smaller vacuoles that merged together
Contains primarily water and salts
Stores both nutrient reserves and waste products
Digestive organelle
Surrounded by a membrane called tonoplast
Impermeable to wastes
Acts as deterrent to keep things from eating them
Cytoplasm
Includes everything except the nucleus and the vacuole
Mitochondria
Carry out cell respiration
ATP
Cristae
Folded mitochondrial membranes that forms large sheets or tubes
Matrix
Liquid that is in the mitochondrion
Outer mitochondrial membrane
Gives shape and rigidity to the mitochondrion
Freely permeable
Inner mitochondrial membrane
located around the cristae
selectively permeable
has numerous pumps and channels
Has their own DNA and ribosomes
Plastids
Group of dynamic organelles able to perform many functions
Photosynthesis
Amino acid synthesis
isoleucin
valine
those that contain aromatic rings
phenylalanine
tryptophan
tyrosine
derived from aspartate
lysine
threonine
methionine
found in all plants and algae
Components
Inner membrane
outer membrane
stroma
inner fluid
proplastids
simple, dividing cells
chloroplasts
proplastids turn into chloroplasts when exposed to light
chlorophyll
photosynthetic pigment
thylakoids
photosynthetic membranes of chloroplasts
granum
flat vesicles in chloroplasts
amyloplasts
stores starch
Chromoplasts
contain red or yellow pigments
plastoglobuli
leucoplasts
colorless plastids
phytoferritin
protein molecules that binds and stores iron
Ribosomes
particles responsible for protein synthesis
polysome
complex formed when numerous ribosomes bind to the same molecule of mRNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum
narrow tubes and sheets of membrane that form a network throughout the cytoplasm
rough ER
where ribosomes are attached
involved in protein synthesis
smooth ER
where no ribosomes are attached
involved in lipid synthesis
Dictyosomes
stack of thin vesicles held together in a flat or curved array
cisterna
wide, thin vesicle that becomes attached to the dictyosome
forming face
end where more vesicles accumulate
maturing face
end where vesicles are being released
Golgi apparatus
interconnected dicyosomes forming a cup-shaped apparatus
rare in plants
endomembrane system
membranous organelles of a cell
Microbodies
peroxisomes
involved in detoxifying certain by-products of photosynthesis
glyoxysomes
involved in converting stored fats into sugars
Cytosol (hyaloplasm)
clear substance that makes up most of the cytoplasm
Microtubles
skeletal element in eukaryotic cells
composed as two types of proteins with a globular tertiary structure
alpha-tubulin
beta-tubulin
centriole
made up of nine sets of three short microtubules
cilia
short and occurs in groups
flagella
long and occurs singly or in sets of two or four
basal body
Microfilaments
narrower than microtubules
actin
Storage Products
Cell Wall
microfibril
hemicellulous
set of cell wall polysaccharides that crosslink cellulose molecules in plant cell walls
middle lamella
pectin substances that acts as glue and holds plant cells together
pectic substances
Polysaccharides that acts as glue and holds plant cells together
primary cell wall
secondary cell wall
Fungal Cells
Similar to plant cells with two important differences
does not contain plastids of any type
their walls contain chitin, not cellulose
often extremely narrow, long tubes with many tiny nuclei
Associations of Cells
Plasmadesmata
this connects two cells by fine holes in the cell walls
can occur separately or in clusters of 10 to 20 or more
primary pit field
occurs in regions of clustered plasmodesmata where two primary walls are often particularly thin
symplast
the protoplasm of all the cells in a plant are interconnected by plasmodesmata
intercellular spaces
apoplast
intercellular spaces and cell walls of a plant
volume of a plant that is not occupied by the protoplasm (the symplast)
Membranes
Composition of Membranes
Composed of proteins and two layers of phospholipid molecules
Hydrophilic (water-loving) heads
Hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails
monolayer
single layer
bilayer
double layer
Intrinsic proteins
Partially immersed proteins in the lipid bilayer
Contribute to the membrane's fluid nature and can diffuse laterally
Extrinsic proteins (peripheral proteins)
Located outside the lipid bilayer
Forms complexes or domains
Small discrete regions
Fluid mosaic membrane
glycoproteins
Intrinsic proteins with bonded oligosaccharides
Located on the outer surface of the cell membrane
Properties of Membranes
Vesicles
Lumen
Inside a vesicle, vacuole, oil, chamber or resin duct
Exocytosis
Transferring material out of the cell
Endocytosis
Transferring material into the cell
Selectively permeable membrane (differentially permeable)
Certain materials cross the membrane more rapidly
Movement across the membrane
Facilitated diffusion
Molecular pump
Active transport
Compartmentalization
Formation of many compartments each specialized for a particular process
Freely permeable membrane
Allows everything to pass through quickly
Useless for a cell
Impermeable membrane
Does not allow anything to pass through
Useless for a cell
