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Class 2: Overview of Metabolism (General Principles of Metabolic Pathways,…
Class 2: Overview of Metabolism
Why is metabolism important?
generate energy
Digestion
example: starch -> glucose
Glycolysis
glucose -> pruvate
fatty acid oxidation
fatty acids -> acetyl-CoA
synthesize cellular building blocks
for glucose
for triacylglycerol
for heme
Store energy
ceatine phosphate - muscle
glycogen - muscle and liver
fat - liver and adipose tissue
excrete harmful substances
ammonia
cholesterol
heme
generate regulatory molecules
citric acid
2,3-BPG
Definition of metabolism
Sequences of biochemical reactions inside living cells
Degrade; Synthesize; Interconvert
General Principles of Metabolic Pathways
Synthesis needs energy
ATP
Redox reactions
Some metabolic reactions may not occur in humans
Some metabolites need to be taken as diet in humans
Some reactions may be irreversible
Many metabolic pathways are interconnected
Diverse connections within metabolic pathways
Linear
Circular
Branched
Where metabolic pathways happen
Specific subcellular compartments
Different organs have different sets of active metabolic pathways
When metabolic pathways happen
Fed vs Fasting States have different sets of active metabolic pathways
Regulation of metabolic pathways
Transcriptional
Translational
Substrate-level
Organ-level
Modes (From "Enzymes" class)
Competitive inhibition
Non-competitive inhibition
Allosteric regulation
Covalent modification
modulation of enzyme synthesis
Major questions to ask for understanding metabolism
Functions
Locations
Conditions
Reactions
Regulation; dysregulation