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Civil rights, 1954-60 (The early 1950s (Segregation and discrimination …
Civil rights, 1954-60
The early 1950s
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Voting rights
White gangs physically stopped black Americans from voting, and sometimes attacked them for trying to register to vote
Some Southern states passed laws making it harder for black people to vote, for example using unfair literacy tests
Some Southern states introduced the 'grandfather clause' whereby voters had to prove their forefathers had voted
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Brown V Topeka, 1954
Timeline
Dec 1952 The judges in the case asked to hear more legal advice. Earl Warren became new Chief Justice
May 1954 The Supreme Court ruled that segregated education was unconstitutional. However, the Court set no time limit for the desegregation of schools
1952 NAACP took school segregation cases to the Supreme Court, claiming segregated schools broke the 14th Amendment as they made black children feel inferior
July 1954 In the 'Deep South','White Citizens' Councils were set up to stop desegregation. They were prepared to use extreme violence
May 1955 A second court ruling said that desegregation in schools should happen 'with all deliberate speed'
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Short-term significance
Brown rulings overturned the 1896 Plessy V Ferguson decision, which allowed public facilities, including schools, to be segregated
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Black students and teachers, and their families, faced threats and hostility in desegregated schools
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Long-term significance
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White Americans moved out of areas where black Americans lived, to avoid forced desegregation
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Little Rock High School, 1957
The 'Little Rock Nine'
Following the Brown verdict, a decision was made for school desegregation in Little Rock
About 75 black students applied to join Little Rock High School, the school board accepted 25
The black students families were intimidated with threats if they tried to take their places at the school
At the start of the school year, only nine students were still planning to register, these students were called the 'Little Rock Nine'
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