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Resource Management (Food Management (Impact of food insecurity (Soil…

- - - - Canada, USA and Europe consume the most calories. In sub-Saharan Africa, daily calorie intake per head is below the recommended daily intake of 2000-2400 calories.
      - Global food consumption is increasing for several reasons...
        
        There are growing populations
        
        Increasing levels of development mean people can afford to buy more food.
        
        Improved transport and storage means there is more food available.
    - - USA, Brazil and UK have high outputs due to intensive farming and investment.
      - China and India have large populations and high agricultural outputs.
      - Sub-Sharan African countries produce less food. They have unreliable rainfall, low investment and a lack of training.
    - - Food security - having access to enough affordable, nutritious food to maintain a healthy life
      - Countries which produce more food than is needed by their population have a food surplus.
      - Countries which do not produce enough food to feed their population and have to rely of imported food have a food deficit. Many of these countries also experience food insecurity.
    - - Climate - regions with extreme temperatures and rainfall struggle to produce food.
      - Technology - in HICs, mechanisation and agribusiness give high levels of productivity.
      - Pests and diseases - spread from the Tropics with rising temperatures.
      - Water stress - lack of water affects many areas that suffer food scarcity.
      - Conflict - can lead to the destruction of crops and livestock.
      - Poverty - the poorest people cannot afford technology, irrigation or fertilisers.
  - - - Overgrazing by animals reduces the amount of vegetation, leaving soil exposed.
      - Growing too many crops can use up valuable nutrients, reducing soil fertility.
      - Cultivation of marginal land to increase food production can lead to loss of fertility.
      - Deforestation for farming removes the protective covering of the trees and increases surface run off.
  - - - Improves food security for Pakistan, making 40% more land available for cultivation.
      - Irrigation has increased crop yields.
      - Diets have improved as a greater range of food products is available.
      - HEP is generated by the large dams.
    - - Some farmers take an unfair share of water.
      - Poor irrigation techniques mean water is wasted. Salinsation (increased saltiness) can damage the soil.
      - Population growth will increase the demand for water.
      - High costs to maintain reservoir capacity.
    - - Largest continuous irrigation scheme in the world
      - Link canals enable water to be transferred between rivers.
      - Over 1.6 million km of ditches and streams provide irrigation for Pakistan's agricultural land.
  - - - Permaculture practices include:
        Harvesting rainwater
        Crop rotations
        Managing woodland
  - - - Improved food storage and distribution using refrigerated containers.
      - Clearer food labelling such as 'Best before' or 'Use by'
      - Using sealed plastic bags to make fresh food last longer.
      - More sensible approach to using food that is past its 'Sell by' date.
  - - - Improving water supply by building sand dams for each village.
      - Providing a reliable source of water for crops and livestock.
      - A training programme to support local farmers.
      - Growing trees to reduce soil erosion.
    - - Crop yields and food security have increased.
      - Water-borne diseases have been reduced.
      - Less time is wasted fetching water.
- - - - There is a growing need to increase water transfer to meet demand.
        
        There is opposition because of the following things.
        
        The effect on land and wildlife.
        
        High costs
        
        Greenhouse gases released by pumping water over long distances.
  - - - Filtering water to remove sediment.
      - Purifying water by adding chlorine.
      - Imposing strict regulations.
    - - Industrial sites discharge.
      - Agricultural chemical fertilisers.
      - Leaching from old underground mines.
- - - - Demand for more exotic foods and seasonal produce all year round.
      - UK climate is unsuitable for production of some foods.
      - Availability of cheaper food from abroad.
  - - - Importing food adds to our carbon footprint. This comes from producing the energy for commercial cultivation, and from transport.
  - - - Lynford House Farm in East Anglia - an agribusiness
        
        The land is intensively farmed, maximising the amount of food produced.
        
        Pesticides and fertilisers are widely used.
        
        Machinery costs are high but they increase efficiency.
        
        A small number of workers are employed.
      - Riverford Organic Farms
        
        Began as an organic farm in Devon.
        
        Now delivers organic vegetables from farms in Devon, Yorkshire, Peterborough and Hampshire.
        
        This reduces food miles and also provides local employment.
- - - - Coal consumption has declined because of concerns about greenhouse gas emissions.
    - - However, fossil fuels are likely to remain important in the future because...
        
        The UK's remaining reserves will provide energy for several decades.
        
        Coal imports are cheap.
        
        Shale gas deposits may be exploited in the future.
        
        Impacts of energy exploitation
        
        Nuclear
        
        Economic
        
        Nuclear power plants are expensive to build.
        
        Decommissioning old plants is expensive.
        
        New plants provide job opportunities.
        
        Environmental
        
        Problem of safe processing and storage of radioactive waste.
        
        Warm waste can harm local ecosystems.
        
        Wind farms
        
        Economic
        
        High construction costs.
        
        Local homeowners can have lower energy bills.
        
        Environmental
        
        Visual impact on the landscape.
        
        Help reduce carbon footprints.
        
        Noise pollution from wind turbines.