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Price ch 4: Alcohol (Pharmacology (equilibrium reached first in greatest…
Price ch 4: Alcohol
Pharmacology
absorbed in gastrointestinal tract
equilibrium reached first in greatest bloodflow
brain
liver
kidneys
all it can take is 2 drinks in one sitting to disrupt fetus brain development
two systems to metabolize alcohol
zinc-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase system is primary
microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) is secondary
activated in chronic use
Urine alcohol testing requires two samples (second 20 min after)
Alcohol increases activity of GABA
Ethanol is CNS depressant
Disrupts sodium and calcium ions once in neural membranes
useful for sending of electrical impulses and neurotransmitters
Respiratory depression happen with increased blood alcohol level (extreme)
cells adapt to chronic alcohol exposure
cells get weaker and more unstable over time
Demographics of use
half of Americans greater than 12 years of age drink
1.68% drink before work
7.06% during work hours
1.68% working while under influence
9.23% work while hungover
Occupational Factors
social pressure to drink
avalibility of drinks at work
occupations with the highest problems
bartenders
entertainers
physicians
inkeepers
sales people
highest mortality rate for females with hepatic cirrhosis
waitresses
cosmetologists
dress makers
hospital orderlies
textile workers
laborers
mortality rate for males with hepatic cirrhosis
water transport
bartenders
loggers
laborers
roofers
construction
farm workers
iron workers
painters
physical effects
alcoholic gastritis
Alcoholic liver disease
possibly malnutrition with decreased food intake for alcohol
starvation and at risk for alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA)
confirmed with artial blood gas analysius, serum ketone level and electrolyte levels
Cognitive effects
Dysfunction of
frontal lobe
temporal neocortex
abstraction
visual-spatial skills
problem solving
protracted error phenomenon
occurs when cognitive processing recovers but dysfunctions do not
minimal heptic encephalopathy (MHE)
abnormal attention, slowed info processing and decreased fine motor skills