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Chapter 3: Cell Structure (Plant Cells (Mitochondria (inner mitochondrial…
Chapter 3: Cell Structure
Membranes
Composition
intrinsic proteins
proteins partially immersed in the lipid bilayer
extrinsic proteins
located outside of the membrane
domains
small discrete regions
Properties
exocytosis
excretes
waste
debris
mucilage
proteins
polysaccharides
endocytosis
opposite of exocytosis
common in algae and other microscopic organisms that take in food particles
selectively permeable membranes
certain substances cross the membrane more easily and rapidly than others
facilitated diffusion
movement of charged substances is addicted by large intrinsic proteins that span the membrane and act as hydrophilic channels through it
molecule pumps
actually bind to a molecule on one side of the membrane then changes shape and releases the molecule on the other side
active transport
cells accumulate substances until the interior concentration of solute far exceeds the exterior concentration
compartmentalization
the formation of many compartments
each specialized for a particular process
freely permeable membrane
allows everything to pass through quickly
impermeable membrane
doesn't allow anything through at all
Basic Cell Types
Prokaryote
simple
only in bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic
found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists
complex
Plant Cells
Protoplasm
mass of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and water within a cell
all cells are made up of protoplasm
Plasma Membrane
membrane that completely covers the surface of the protoplasm
selectively permeable
Nucleus
archive/permanent storage place for an organisms genetic information
nuclear envelope
surrounds the nucleus
Central Vacuole
stores water
Cytoplasm
if the nucleus and vacuole are excluded from the protoplasm the remaining material is the cytoplasm
Mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell
stores energy like starches and sugars
breaks down ATP
adenosine triphosphate
outer mitochondrial membrane
gives shape and rigidity to the mitochondria
freely permeable
inner mitochondrial membrane
forms the cristae
selectively permeable
numerous pumps and channels
Plastids
group of dynamic organelles able to perform many functions
stroma
inner membrane fluid
chlorophyll
green pigment in plants
thylakoids
membrane sheets
project into the stroma
different types
amyloplasts
store starch
considered to be leucoplasts
chloroplasts
carry out photosynthesis
chromoplasts
contain abundant colored lipids
in flowers and fruits
etioplasts
a specific stage in the transformation of proplastids to chloroplasts
occur when tissues are grown without light
leucoplasts
colorless pigments
synthesize lipids and other materials
proplastids
small, undifferentiated plastids
Ribosomes
particles responsible for protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
a system of narrow tubes and sheets of membrane that form a network throughout the cytoplasm
rough ER
large portion of a cell's ribosomes are attached to the ER
rough appearance
smooth ER
lacks ribosomes
lipid synthesis
membrane assembly
Dictyosomes
a stack of thin vessels held together in a flat or curved array
forms golgi body/golgi apparatus
Microbodies
peroxisomes
detoxify certain biproducts
glyoxysomes
only in plants
converting stored fats into sugar
Cytosol
volume of cytoplasm
clear
Microtubules/Microfilaments
cytoskeleton
motility
Cell Wall
almost all plants have one
provides strength and protection
Fungal Cells
don't contain plastids
walls are made out of chitin (not cellulose)
Concepts
Organelles
nuclei
mitochondria
chloroplasts
Multicellular Organism
composed of more than one cell
Unicellular Organism
composed of one cell
Division of Labor
allows the entire organism to become more efficient
Examples of Plant Cell Types
Cell of Shoot/Root Tips
cell division
produce new protoplasm
Epidermis
water retention
cutin and wax are barriers against fungi and insects
Epidermal Gland Cells
protection
produce poisons that inhibit animals from harming the plant
Green Leaf Cells
collect solar energy by photosyenthesis
Root Epidermal Cells
collect water and minerals
Vascular Cells
transport water minerals and organic molecules
Flower Cells
petal cells
pigments that attract pollinators
scent cells
fragrances that attract pollinators
nectary cells
sugars that attract pollinators
stamen cells
indirectly involved in producing sperm cells
carpel cells
indirectly involved in producing egg cells
fruit cells
produce sugars, aromas, flavorful compounds that attract fruit/seed dispersing animals
