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Plato (Theory of form (Allegory of Caves (People live in a cave and are…

- - - - they see the shadows of men and animals moving around on the wall of the cave
        
        spent their whole life facing the back and are prevented from turning around
        
        will assume that Shadows represent reality
        
        unable to comprehend that shadows are nothing more than ethereal projections
        
        images of a more basic reality
        
        One of the cave men freed from the chains and forced to turn around
        
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- - - - Cephalus
        
        Justice is doing one's duties
        
        Justice is paying one's debts
        
        whether it would be just to return a borrowed weapon to a person who has gone mad
        
        Cannot be applied in all circumstances
        
        Not a inclusive idea of Justice
      - Polymarchus
        
        son of Cephalus
        
        Giving every man his dues
        
        Being good to your friend and evil to your enemy
        
        Difficult to identify sometimes who is our actual friend or enemy
        
        May end up doing harm to our friend and favours to our enemy
        
        Better to be good with all
        
        Hurting a person may make him worse or less just, justice is peculiarly human excellence
        
        Justice cannot be a cause of injustice
      - Thrasymachus
        
        sophist
        
        Justice is the interest of the stronger
        
        Might is Right
        
        People in power make laws for their own interest
        
        becomes duty of others to follow those laws
        
        World understands the argument of power rather than power of an argument
        
        Overlook the laws to serve your interest better
        
        reflection of Civil disobedience
        
        Reply
        
        People in power also make mistakes
        
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        Physician's business is to treat patients or to earn money
        
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        Power is the virtue rather than knowledge
      - Adeimantus
        
        What if one behaves unjustly but conceals in a veneer of decent behaviour
        
        you must not content yourself by proving justice is superior to injustice
        
        Apply it too
      - Glaucon
        
        contractual theory
        
        justice is in the interest of the weak
        
        those who could not defend themselves came together and formed the state
        
        state is for protection of the weak
        
        wrong to say > state is in interest of all
  - - - We can get it from the soul
        
        Soul is a part of God
      - Just man does not create problem for others rather live in peace with others
  - - - bigger form of individual
        
        State should be organised into three classes
        
        on the basis of spiritual quality of soul
        
        Guadian Class
        
        Ruling class
        
        man of reason
        
        Soldier Class
        
        man of courage
        
        Producer Class
        
        Man of Appetite
        
        Each class to perform specific duties
        
        Man is not self-sufficient hence man forms society or state
        
        Outcome
        
        Excellence, Harmony and Peace
      - principles of justice applicable at level of individual are applicable at the level of state
        
        Justice is non-interference in each others duties
        
        Injustice is when ordering of classes and virtues break down
        
        A just state is ruled by philosophers
        
        Division of labour is properly maintained
        
        Rule with knowledge
        
        Central paradox of The Republic
        
        Philosophers must rule , yet it is precisely the philosophers who has no desire to rule
        
        They are lovers of knowledge, not power
        
        If philosophers themselves comes to promote their self-interest?
        
        Elaborate process of ruler selection
        
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        Political justice is simply the virtue of harmony within the state and the absence of conflict
  - - - many drawbacks
        
        efficiency or excellence cannot be sole principle of justice
        
        a truly self sufficient state would require a much more complex and extensive division of labour
- - - - reading, writing, recitation
  - - - Sophists teaching in cover of ethical knowledge
      - present unacceptable models of human behaviour
      - appeals to emotions and lead guardians astray
      - opposes romanticism
      - Plato want to inculcate in young Guardians of order and harmony
        
        constitutes the very essence of justice
  - - - mathematical and geometrical truths
        
        teaches how to think logically
        
        ideal of conceptual truth
      - 10 years
    - - 3 years
        
        lower level guardians to be soldiers
    - - will know the true meaning of justice
      - even higher truth than justice
        
        Good
        
        Gives the universe meaning and purpose
        
        those who attain this final truth
        
        will become Philosopher kings
  - - - Train a class of philosophical rulers who know what justice is
    - - compel them to rule once they have left the cave of appearances
        
        pleasures of political power have no attraction for philosopher
        
        once they have seen the ultimate reality
        
        shadow of wealth, power and status are no longer worthy of their consideration
- - - - However not sufficient
  - - - identify State as their family
  - - - remove objects of desire
        
        not to distribute them more equally
- - - - Ethics, Sociology, Psychology, Economics
  - - - Attempt to teach philosophy to tyrants
        
        Unflagging belief that politics could be rationalised by truth
  - - - about Justice
        
        Ideal state of perfect justice
        
        Without the ideal standard, nothing could be said about the real world
    - - More mature work
- - - - Reason
      - Courage
      - Appetite
    - - 3 categories of people based on qualities of the soul
      - Myths of Metals
        
        Men of Gold
        
        Reason dominates in soul
        
        Men of Silver
        
        Courage dominates in soul
        
        Men of Copper
        
        Appetite dominate in soul
- - - - Plato's disliking for democracy and preference for the institution of Philosopher king is linked with the events in the life of Socrates. Socrates was ordered to drink poison by the democrats of Athens.
        
        Both Plato and Aristotle were critical of democracy and considered it the "rule of ignorance"