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(1 +3a + 4) Muscles of Mastication(1) / Facial Expression(4) + Taste &…

- - - - Origin: (1) Anterior 2/3 of zygomatic arch, inferior boarder. (2) Maxillary Process of the zygomatic bone
      - Insertion: Angle of mandible. Inferior lateral parts of mandibular ramus
      - Actions: Protrude, Elevation, Excursion
    - - Origin: (1) Posterior 1/3 of zygomatic arch, inferior and medial boarder.
      - Insertion: (1) Superior lateral mandibular ramus (2) Coronoid Process
      - Actions: Retrude, Elevation, Aids in excursion
  - - - Origin: Maxillary tuberosity
      - Insertion: Medial surface of ramus and angle of mandible
    - - Origin: Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate
      - Insertion: Medial surface of ramus and angle of mandible
  - - - Origin: Infratemporal Crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone
      - Insertion: Fuse into single muscle (1)Articular disc (2) capsule of TMJ (3) Pterygoid fossa
      - Action: Protrusion, Elevation, Excursion
    - - Origin: Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
      - Insertion: Fuse into single muscle (1) Condyle of mandible (2) Pterygoid fossa
      - Action: Protrusion, Depression, Excursion
- - - - Dorsal Surface (Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium)
        
        Papillae (Mostly lingual taste buds)
        
        Foliate: CN VII Chorda Tympani, sides of tongue, anterior to palataloglossal fold, non keratinized Taste buds found along the cleft walls
        
        Circumvallate: Largest, Junction between 1/3 & 2/3, Ant. to terminal sulcus, CN IX, generally non keratinized Taste buds found along lateral walls of the papillae
        
        Filliform: Thick keratinized
        
        Note: All taste buds can respond to all taste stimulants, final taste is interpreted as summation of signals from all taste buds. Sides of tongue more sensitive except the back - bitter, gag reflex
        
        Fungiform: CN VII Chorda tympani, non keratinized Taste buds found on their superior surface
        
        Ultra structure of taste bud cells which opens into taste pores (Chemo-sensory receptors) turn over 10.5days as opposed to epithelial 20days
        
        Type 2 / Light cells / Receptor cells (Sensory Receptor cells)
        
        1/5 of all cells
        
        Do not extend to basement membrane
        
        Thick microvilli
        
        Nuclei smooth walled and round
        
        Function: Sweet / Bitter / Umami
        
        Type 1 / Dark cells (Supporting cells)
        
        1/3 of all cells
        
        Function: Secretory granules (gel-like) - Dark colour - Glyocsoaminoglycans, ascorbic acid and enzymes
        
        Short stubby villi
        
        Nuclei ragged shaped
        
        Extend from basement membrane
        
        Type 3 (Presynaptic cells)
        
        No villi
        
        Contain neurotransmitter vesicles (similar to nerve fibres)
        
        Function: Synaptic communication w nerve fibres, ion channels for Sour & Salty compounds
        
        Type 4 (Basal cells)
        
        Present at basal end of taste bud
        
        Function: Progenitor cell for other cell types
        
        Extra lingual taste buds
        
        Soft & Hard Palate
        
        Larynx Pharynx Epiglottis
      - Ventral Surface (Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium)
        
        Lingual frenulum
        
        Sublingual papilla
        
        Sublingual / Submandibular Glands
    - - Dorsal Surface (Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium)
        
        Lingual Tonsil
        
        Glossoepiglottic folds
    - - Salt/Sweet/Sour/Bitter/Umani
      - Fatty/electric/alkaline/metallic
      - Remark: Hot/Spicy is not a taste but a Pain Signal
    - - Special
        
        Glossopharyngeal: CN IX
        
        Pharyngeal Part Posterior 1/3
        
        Circumvallate
        
        Inferior Glossopharyngeal (Petrosal) Ganglion
        
        Foliate
        
        Vagus: *CN X
        
        Base of tongue / Epliglottic Region
        
        Pharynx
        
        Epiglottis
        
        Larynx
        
        Inferior ganglion of the vagus
        
        Facial: CN VII
        
        Oral part / Anterior 2/3
        
        Fungiform
        
        Soft Palate
        
        Geniculate Ganglion
        
        Chorda Tympani
        
        Foliate
        
        Gustatory Cortex & a little Olfactory Cortex
        
        Nucleus of medulla oblongata
      - General
        
        Trigeminal: CN V
        
        Oral part / Anterior 2/3
        
        Glossopharyngeal: CN IX
        
        Pharyngeal Part Posterior 1/3
        
        Vagus: CN X
        
        Base of tongue / Epliglottic Region
  - - - Superior & Middle Turbinate (Conchae), one on each side of the nasal septum
      - Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
      - Olfactory receptor neurons layer: bipolar, cell body within epithelium, lifespan: 4-8wks
      - Supporting (Sustentacular) layer
      - Basal layer
      - Mucous secreting cells
  - - - Hypoguesia
      - Hyperguesia
      - Dysguesia
      - Aguesia
    - - Hyposmia
      - Hyperosmia
      - Dysomia
      - Anosmia
- - - - Origin: Supracillary arch / Supraorbital arch of Frontal Bone
      - Insertion: Middle skin of eyebrow