Unit 8: Motivation
Four Perspectives
Evolutionary/Instinct- genetically predisposition behaviors
Arousal Theory- some motivated behaviors increase arousal
Drive Reduction- a physiological m=need creates an aroused tension that motivates the organism to satisfy that need
Hierarchy of Needs- pyramid of human needs, as some needs take priority over others
Homeostasis- tendency to maintain a balanced and constant internal state
instinct- a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly pattered throughout a species
Facial Expressions
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Belonging/Social Needs
Facial Feedback Effect- The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.
Health Psychology- a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
Our need to belong had survival value for our ancestors (we live in groups)
People suffer when social excluded because we all have a need to belong
Incentives- a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Feeling loved activates brain regions associated with rewards and safety
Stress and Stress Techniques
Social isolationism puts us at risk mentally and physically
Yerkes Dodson law- principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)- Seyle's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases- alarm, resistance and exhaustion.
Tend-and-befriend Response- Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others(tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).
Stress- the process by which we respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
We connect through social networking
Emotion
Emotion- response of the whole organism with physiological needs, expressive behaviors, and conscious awareness
Stress and Illness
James-Lange Theory- experiences of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli
Psychoneuroimmunology- The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect the immune system and resulting health.
Lymphocytes- The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B form in bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T form in thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
Psychophysiological Illness- Literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress related physical illness such as hypertension and headaches.
Coronary Heart Disease- the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.
Cannon-Bard Theory- emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and subjective experience of emotion
Personality types
Type A- Friedman & Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
Type B- Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people.
Polygraph- a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
Two-Factor Theory- The Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal.
Hunger
glucose- form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
Set Point- point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set
basal metabolic rate- the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
Sexual Response Cycle
PHASES: Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution
refractory period- resting period after orgasm for men
Two Most Important Sex Hormones- estrogen and testosterone