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Unit 8:Motivation, Emotion, and Stress (Mod 42: Expressed Emotion…
Unit 8:Motivation, Emotion, and Stress
Mod 43: Stress and Health
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
stress: the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging
3 major stressors: catastrophes, significant life changes, and daily hassels
general adaption syndrome: seyles concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhhaustion
tend-and-befriend: under stress, people provide support to others and bond with and seek support
Mod 38: Hunger Motivation
Physiology of Hunger
glucose: the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
set point- the point of which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set
basal metabolic rate: the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
Psychology of Hunger
body chemistry and environmental factors influence the when of hunger and taste preferences
carbs are calming
preference for sweet and salty is genetic and universal
eat more with others
food variety stimulates eating
Obesity and Weight Control
increases the risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certain types of cancer
set point raises
genetic factors and food/activity factors effect weight
Mod 39: Sexual Motivation
Physiology of Sex
Sexual Response Cycle: the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
refractory period: a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
sexual dysfunction: a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
estrogen: sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics
testosterone: the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
Psychology of Sex
men and women become aroused when they see, hear, or read erotic material
more active amygdala in men viewing erotic material
Mod 42: Expressed Emotion
Detecting Emotion
facial expressions are the best ways to read emotion
facial expressions are universal
extroverts are better at expressing emotion
introverts are better at reading emotion
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
women can surpass mens abilities in reading nonverbal cues
Empathy is found greater in women
women have better emotional responsiveness
Culture and Emotional Expression
facial expressions are universal ways of expressing emotion
gestures can mean different things to different people
Effects of Facial Expressions
basic emotional expressions can lead to the emotion
facial feedback effect: the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
Mod 37: Motivational Concepts
Instinct and Evolutionary Psychology & Drives and Incentives
instinct: a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species
drive-reduction theory: the idea that a psychological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
homeostasis: a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
incentive: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Optimum Arousal
Yerkes-Dobson Law- the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
A Hierarchy of Motives
hierarchy of needs- Maslow's pyramid of human needs
Motivations: a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Mod 40: Social Motivation: Affiliation Needs
The Benefits of Belonging
social bonds boosted chances of survival
cooperation enhanced survival
spend a great amount of time thinking about relationships
Pain of Being Shut Out
ostracism: feeling of being socially ignored or excluded
Connecting and Social Networking
internet serves as a social amplifier
internet has diversified our social networks
Mod 41: Theories and Physiology of Emotions
Cognition and Emotion
emotion: a response of the whole organism, involving 1) physiological arousal 2) expressive behaviors and 3) conscious experiences
James-Lange theory: the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli
Cannon-Bard Theory: the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1) physiological responses and 2) the subjective experience of emotion
two-factor theory: the Schachter -Singer theory that to experience emotion one must 1) be physically aroused and 2) cognitively label the arousal
Embodied Emotion
sympathetic division of the automatic nervous system mobilizes your body for action
fight or flight response