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Kluckholn and Strodtbeck & Trompenaars (Trompenaars (1993) 7…
Kluckholn and Strodtbeck & Trompenaars
Kluckholn and Strodtbeck (1961)
5 Problems common to all human groupings
Human nature orientation
(goodness or badness of human nature)
Man-nature orientation
(harmony with nature and mastery over nature)
Time orientation
(past, present, future)
Activity orientation
(being, being-in-becoming and doing)
Relational orientation
(man's relation to other men)
Trompenaars (1993)
7 Dimensions of culture
Universalism vs Particularism
societal vs personal obligation
Universalism
(absolute rules apply, irrespective of circumstances and situations
Particularism
(circumstances and relationships are more important considerations than absolutes)
Ex : the role of the contract
Individualism vs Collectivism
personal vs group goals
Individualism
(personal welfare and fulfillment)
Collectivism
(social concern and altruism
Ex : goals of negotiating and decision-making
Neutral vs Affective relationships
emotional orientation in relationships
Concerns the contexts and ways that cultures choose to express emotions
Specific vs Diffuse relationships
contact vs contract
rapport vs report
Specific
(company employees are hired in contractually to be part of a system which performs efficiently)
Diffuse
(company employees are members of a group working together)
Achievement vs Ascription
legitimating power and status
Achievement oriented
(evaluate by how well they perform an allocated function
Ascriptive cultures
(status is attributed)
Sequential vs Synchronic time
monochronic/polychronic
Sequential
(time is tangible and divisible, do activity at a time)
Synchronic
(time is flexible and intangible)
Inner cs Outer directed
internal or external control the environment
Internal control
(one's personal conviction is the starting point for every action and may result conflict)
External control
(sensitive to the environment and seeks harmony)