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Antioxidants (Vitamins (Fat-Soluble (Vitamin E (Antioxidant Roles…

- - - - Deficiency
        
        Scurvy
        
        symptoms
        
        weakness
        
        painful joints
        
        bleeding gums
        
        loose teeth
        
        petechia: hemorrhage on face and limbs
        
        Widespread tissue breakdown
        
        reduced property for collagen synthesis
        
        At risk
        
        alcoholics
        
        smokers
        
        burn patients
        
        collagen needed for wound healing, skin repair
      - Antioxidant Roles
        
        donates electrons to free radicals to stop damage
        
        restores vitamin E to activate antioxidant form
        
        acts in intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments
        
        reduces formation of nitrosamines in stomach
        
        keeps folate coenzyme intact
      - Non-antioxidant roles
        
        enhances iron absorption
        
        keeps dietary iron in reduced oxidation state
        
        increase absorption of non-heme iron in plant foods
        
        collagen synthesis
        
        maintains integrity of connective tissues, skin, tendons, scar tissues, blood vessels, gum tissues
        
        helps prevent bruising, ensures proper healing
      - Toxicity
        
        Mega dose
        
        excess excreted in urine, may also cause diarrhea
        
        pre oxidant
        
        releases iron from storage protein
        
        free iron cause cellular damage
        
        causes
        
        rebound scurvy
        
        must gradually decrease intake
        
        kidney stones
      - Food Source
        
        plant foods
        
        vegetables & fruits
        
        citrus, kiwi, berries, tomatoes
      - undergoes normal metabolic process
        
        bonds between molecules split, leaves electrons in outermost orbital unpaired
        
        produces free radical
        
        damages cell membrane, cellular proteins, blood LDL lipoproteins, nuclear DNA
        
        highly reactive, destabilize other molecules
  - - - Deficiency
        
        Preterm infants at greatest risk
        
        vitamin E transferred from mother is required for growth
        
        causes
        
        Hemolytic Anemia
        
        loss of RBC membrane
        
        inadequate oxygen to cells for energy production
      - Toxicity
        
        muscle weakness, nausea, and diarrhea
        
        effects of anticoagulants can lead to uncontrolled bleeding
      - Antioxidant Roles
        
        neutralizes free radicals
        
        maintains integrity of membranes
        
        resides in nuclear and mitochondrial membranes
        
        protects DNA and other cellular compounds from oxidative damage
      - Non-antioxidant roles
        
        Reduces platelet aggregation to protect against heart disease
        
        protects lung, cell membranes from oxidation
        
        maintenance of nerve and immune function
        
        iron metabolism to maintain RBC membrane integrity
      - Food Source
        
        plant foods
        
        seeds, plant oils, nuts
        
        losses in food preparation
        
        destroyed by heat
        
        exposure to oxygen, metals, light
      - vitamin E reactivated by accepting hydrogen atom from vitamin C
      - Selenium reduces free radicals through glutathione peridoxase & gives it to Vitamin E
        
        protects from oxidative damage
    - - Retinoids
        
        Food Sources
        
        consists of animal foods
        
        associated with protein-rich foods
        
        liver (pate), fish oils, eggs (yolk), fortified milk, butter, cheese
        
        Toxicity
        
        types include
        
        teratogenic
        
        chronic
        
        acute
        
        as medical treatment for acne
        
        symptoms include
        
        loss of appetite, nausea, bone defects, etc
        
        Deficiency
        
        symptoms after 1-2 years of deficiency
        
        Immune Function
        
        high incidence of measles
        
        causes infections
        
        Health of Mucous Membranes in Epithelial Tissues
        
        Keratinization of cells
        
        decreased absorption at intestinal cells
        
        increased infection risk
        
        cracked skin
        
        reduced mucous production
        
        Growth, Development, and Reproduction
        
        early in life: abnormal jaw bone growth
        
        animals can't reproduce
        
        children fail to grow properly
        
        Vision
        
        In Cornea
        
        Xerophthalmia (Dry Eye)
        
        1 more item...
        
        In Retina
        
        Night Blindness
        
        Non-Antioxidant Roles
        
        Immune Function & Infection
        
        needed for production of
        
        immune cells to fight infection
        
        Health of Mucous Membranes in Epithelial Tissue
        
        protects against infection
        
        lungs
        
        skin
        
        urinary tract
        
        eye
        
        Growth, Development, & Reproduction
        
        breaks down old bone (osteoclasts) to permit bone turnover
        
        cell differentiation
        
        Vision
        
        requires Vitamin A for
        
        cornea at front of eye
        
        rods and cones in retina
        
        Antioxidant Roles
        
        most active form of Vitamin A
        
        quenches free radicals
        
        protects LDL
        
        may reduce risk for cancer and atherosclerosis
      - Beta-Carotene
        
        Non-antioxidant Roles
        
        Eyes
        
        protects against age-related degeneration
        
        Skin
        
        protects against sun damage
        
        immune system
        
        pro-inflammatory effect at higher doses
        
        anti-inflammatory effect at moderate doses
        
        Antioxidant Roles
        
        neutralizes free radicals
        
        may reduce risk for cancer and atherosclerosis
        
        Deficiency
        
        associated with
        
        increased risks of heart disease and cancer
        
        Toxicity
        
        can cause
        
        Hypercarotenemia
        
        subcutaneous fat under skin to turn yellow
        
        retinoids: preform of Vitamin A-- animal foods
        
        beta-carotene: pro-form of Vitamin A -- plant foods
        
        Relationship: Vitamin A= retinoids + beta-carotene
        
        Food Sources
        
        green and orange vegetables
        
        broccoli, spinach, kale, squash, yams, pumpkin, carrots, red bell peppers
        
        red and orange fruit
        
        apricots, mango, papaya, cantaloupe
        
        food preparation
        
        few drops of oil to vegetable juices enhances absorption
        
        fortified margarine, fortified breakfast cereals
- - - - Keshan’s disease
        
        severe joint pain and heart muscle disease
    - - cofactor for glutathione peroxidase enzyme
        
        protects cell membranes
    - - 1 mg/day (supplement use)
        
        Nausea, vomiting, irritability, brittle nails and hair
    - - animal foods
        
        seafood, meat, dairy, eggs
      - plant foods
        
        vegetables, whole grains, seeds
      - Losses in food preparation
        
        Stable to normal food preparation processes
    - - thyroid hormones
        
        converts T4 to T3
        
        helps regulate BMR, growth and development, and body temperature
  - - - Food sources
        
        animal proteins
        
        seafood, meat, dairy, eggs
        
        plant proteins
        
        vegetables, whole grains, seeds
    - - Antioxidant roles
        
        required as cofactors by the superoxide dismutase enzyme
        
        protect against oxidative damage in the cytoplasm and mitochondria
    - - Antioxidant roles
        
        integral component of catalase enzyme
        
        decreases damaging action of hydrogen peroxide being converted into hydroxyl radicals
      - food sources
        
        plant proteins
        
        vegetables, whole grains, seeds
        
        animal proteins
        
        seafood, meat, dairy, eggs