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Endocrine Organs (Anterior pituitary (Hormones produced: Thyroid…
Endocrine Organs
Anterior pituitary
- Hormones produced: Thyroid stimulating hormone
- Function: Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
- Hormones produced: Prolactin (PRL)
- Function: Regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production in females. May also increase testosterone in males.
- Hormones produced: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Function: Controls development of the oocyte and ovarian follicle. Controls development of sperm within testes
- Hormones produced: Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Function: Induces ovulation of secondary oocyte from ovarian follicle. Controls testosterone synthesis in the testes
- Hormones produced: Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (GCTH)
- Function: Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
- Hormones produced: Growth Hormone (GH)
- Function: Stimulates release of growth factor from the liver
- Associated disorders:
- Acromegaly: occurs from too much GH after the epiphyseal plate is closed and the bones in the face, hands, and feet widen
- Giantism: too much GH during childhood resulting in extraordinary height.
- Dwarfism: too little GH resulting in growth retardation
Hypothalamus
- Hormone Produced: Regulatory hormones
- Function: Control the release of hormones from anterior pituitary
- Hormones produced: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Function: Stimulates the kidney's to decrease urine output and increase fluid intake when dehydrated. Also a vasoconstrictor
- Hormones produced: Oxytocin
- Function: Contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus, ejection of milk, and increases emotional bonding between individuals
Adrenal Cortex:
- Hormones produced: Mineralcorticoids
- Function: Regulates blood Na K levels by decreasing amount of Na & increasing K lost in the urine
- Hormones produced: Gonadocorticoids
- Function: Stimulate maturation & functioning of the reproductive system
- Hormones produced: Glucocoticoids
- Function: Participate in stress response & increase nutrients available in the blood
- Associated disorders: Increased amount leads to Cushing's disease causes a hump back, moon faces and easy bruising.
Liver:
- Hormones produced: Angiotensinogen
- Functions: Increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and decreasing urine output & stimulates thirst center
- Hormones: Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
- Functions: Function alongside growth hormone to regulate growth
- Hormones produced: Erythropoietin
- Functions: Increases production of RBC's
Thyroid gland:
- Hormones produced: Thyroid hormone
- Function: Increase metabolic rate of all cells and increases heat production
- Associated disorders:
- Hyperthyroidism: Excessive production of TH causing increased metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, and heat intolerance.
- Hypothyroidism: Decreased TH causing low metabolic rate, lethargy, feeling cold, and weight gain
- Cretinism: Too little thyroid hormone as a child leading to stunted growth and decreased metal abilities
- Graves disease: Too much thyroid hormone leading to bulging eyes
- Goiter: Lack of dietary iodine leads to overproduction of TH and over growth of thyroid follicles causing a bulge in the neck
Pancreas:
- Hormones produced: Insulin
- Function: Decreases blood sugar levels
- Associated disorders: Too little insulin leads to diabetes mellitus, which causes an inability of the body to lower blood glucose levels
- Hormones produced: Glucagon
- Function: Increase blood sugar levels
Gonads:
Testes:
- Hormones produced: Testosterone
- Function: Stimulates maturation & functioning of male reproductive system
- Associated disorders:
- Too much testosterone in women can lead to virilism which causes women to grow beards
Ovaries:
- Hormones produced: Estrogen & progesterone
- Function: Stimulates maturation & functioning of male reproductive system
- Associated disorders:
- Too much in men can cause gynecomastia, which is breast production
- Too much in female children can lead to precocity, which is early sexual maturation
Stomach:
- Hormones produced: Gastrin
- Function: Facilitates digestion in the stomach
Small Intestine:
- Hormones produced: Secrin
- Function: Regulates digestion by maintaining normal pH in sm intestine
- Hormones produced: Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Function: Regulates digestion by facilitating digestion of nutrients in the small intestine
Hormone Types:
Steroids:
- Lipid-soluble hormones
- Small, non polar
- Diffuse across the plasma membrane
- Hormone then binds to intracellular receptors to form a hormone-receptor complex
- The complex then binds to a particular DNA sequence to alter protein synthesis
- The resulting change cell structure or shift the target cells metabolic activities
Types of steroid hormones:
- Estrogen & progesterone
- Testosterone
- Corticosteroids
- Cortisol
- Mineralocorticoids
- Calcitriol
Amino Acids:
- Water-soluble hormones
- Unable to cross the plasma membrane
- Binds to the outside of the cell via a receptor
- Then stimulates the signal transduction pathway
- The hormone is the first messenger
- The first messenger binding stimulates the formation of a second messenger which is inside the cell
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Pineal Gland:
- Hormone produced: Melatonin
- Function: helps regulate the body's circadian rhythm
Parathyroid gland:
- Hormones produced: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- Function: Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts and decrease loss of calcium in urine. Causes formation of calcitriol
Thymus:
- Hormones produced: Thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin
- Function: Maturation of T- Lymphocytes
Adrenal medulla gland:
- Hormones produced: Epinephrine & norepinephrine
- Function: Prolong the effects of the sympathetic division of the ANS
Heart:
- Hormones produced: Atrial natriuretic peptide
- Function: Decrease blood pressure by stimulating the kidney's to increase urine output and blood vessels to dilate
Kidney's
- Hormones produced: Erythropoietin (EPO)
- Functions: Increases production of RBC's
Skin:
- Hormones produced: Vitamin D3
- Function: Converts to Calcitriol and assists PTH by helping absorption of calcium in the small intestine
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Placenta
- Hormones produced: Estrogen & progesterone
- Function: Stimulates fetal development & stimulates physical changes in mothers associated with pregnancy