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Unit 8 (Module 37: Motivational Concepts (Motivation: a need or desire…
Unit 8
Module 37: Motivational Concepts
Motivation: a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Drive-reduction theory: the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
Need (food, water) > Drive (hunger, thirst) > Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking)
Instinct: a complex, unlearned behavior that's rigidly patterned throughout a species
Homeostasis: a tendency to maintain balanced or constant internal state
Incentive: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Yerkes-Dodson law: the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to s point, beyond which performance decreases
Hierarchy of needs: Maslow's pyramid of human needs
Optimal arousal theory: some behaviors don't reduce physiological needs but rather are prompted by a search for an optimum level of arousal
Module 38: Hunger Motivation
Glucose: the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for the body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger
Set point: The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
Basal Metabolic rate: the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
Hunger reflects our memory of when the last time we ate was and our expectations of who we should eat again
Avoiding certain foods can be a survival value (recall info from previous unit)
Genes and environment interact to produce obesity
Module 39: Sexual Motivation
Sexual Response Cycle: the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson
Excitement > Plateau > Orgaan > resolution
Refractory period: a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
Sexual dysfunction: a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
Estrogens:sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females than males and contribute to female sex characteristics
Testosterone: most important of the male sex hormones, in females as well though but this hormone contributes to male growth in sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty