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Low Income Students & STEM Higher Education - Education Policy &…

- - - - Effects of childhood poverty on postsecondary education
        
        Development of cognitive and non-cognitive skills
        
        Toxic Stress & HPA Axis development
        
        Threat Response
        
        Risk preferences
        
        Risk Assessment
        
        Assertiveness, conscientiousness, confidence, conflict resolution, time management, interpersonal skills
        
        Social Capital - access to people with experience accessing resources for college attainment
        
        Cultural capital - exposure to educational enrichment & cultures valued in a higher-education setting
      - Causes
        
        Recession
        
        Unemployment
        
        Reduced School Spending
        
        Reduction of Benefits in the Clinton Era - PRWORA, etc
        
        Labor Market Polarization as the major driver of poverty - has really changed employment opportunities
        
        Not the culture of poverty
- - - - Students from low-income backgrounds are likely to have less information about college and career pathways in general (mediated through social and cultural capital)
      - Students are likely to start in different places with different levels of social and cultural capital based on their backgrounds and educational experiences. Furthermore, students may be treated differently in access to social capital through the educational process (like developing relationships with professors, access to research positions, or office hours) or in access to other information that would be important in evaluating performance like feedback
  - - - Rational Risk Aversion - this connects to the development economics literature, which finds that people living in poverty tend to be especially risk-averse, which makes development more challenging through a lack of investment. The story is perfectly analogous to higher education investments, and perhaps all education investments. #
      - Rational decision based on preferences and information to leave STEM. Based on differences in preparation, preferences for risk or competition, or preferences for jobs, learning topics etc
      - Market Failure
        
        Lack of information- about schools, courses, college, career outcomes, personal preparation & ability, course contents
        
        Credit constraints