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Cell division (Bases ((C)ytosine
Always pairs with
(G)uamine, (A)denine
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Cell division
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DNA
Protein Synthesis
Genes make template
Template leaves nucleus
Temp. binds to ribosome
Carrier molecules bring AA
Put in specified order
Makes protein chain; detaches in Cytoplasm
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Nucleotide
Chromosomes
46 (23 pairs) chromosomes
half mother, half father
Gametes half genes
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Differentiation
Animals
Embryonic Stem cells
Can become any cell type (pluripotent)
Only in embryos
Grow longer/faster than Somatic
Expensive, ethical issues
Less chance of patient rejection
More research needed
Somatic Stem cells
P.potent are very rare
Multi-potent are more common
Restricted to fewer transformations
Cheaper, On consent of owner
Grow slower/for shorter than Embryonic
More chance of patient reaction
Specialised by birth
Genes are switched on/off (differentiated)
Types have diff. sub-cellular structure (functions)
Specialised use mitosis (only the same type)
Blood/skin cells don't divide (Somatics replace)
Nerve cells can't divide (not usually replaced
Adult cells restricted to repair 'n' replace
Cells can't redifferentiate
Plants
Differentiate through life
Undiffer. cells in meristems
(active regions of stem & roots)
Mitosis is continuous here
Cells elongate then differ
Differ at final positions in plant
Cells can redifferentiate
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