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Unit 8 (Module 37 (Instinct: a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly…
Unit 8
Module 37
Instinct: a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species
Drive-Reduction Theory: the idea that a physiological needs creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy a need
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Homeostasis: a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
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Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
Yerkes-Dodson Law: the principle that performance increases with arousal up to a certain point, beyond which performance decreases
Module 41
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James-Lange Theory: the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Cannon-Bard Theory: the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
Two-Factor Theory: the Schachter-Signer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal
Polygraph: a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion
Zajonc-Ledoux Theory: theory that some emotional responses occur instantly; sometimes we feel before we think
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Module 39
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Estrogens: sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
Refractory Period: the resting period after on orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
Sexual Response Cycle: the four stages of sexual responding described by masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution
Testosterone: the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it , but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristic during puberty
Module 38
Glucose: the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When the level is low, we feel hunger
Set Point: the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase of hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
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Module 44
coronary heart disease: the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.
Type A: Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
Type B: Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people.
Module 42
trait: a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
facial feedback effect: the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.
Module 43
stress: the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.