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SOCIOLOGY NOTES (Marketisation of Education (Education reform act…
SOCIOLOGY NOTES
Educational Policy and Inequaltity
Pre 1870
Education was only avaulable to MC children or WC children in church schools
By 1880 school was compulsory ages 5-13
The education children recieved reflected their social class -> MC had an academic curriculum vs WC had basic skills for factory work
The Butler Act
The tripartite system
= grammar school, secondary modern, technical
Allocated according to ability by the 11+ exam
in an attempt to be meritocratic
Criticisms of the 11+
Bias towards MC norms and values
Girls need higher marks to get into certain schools
Suggested that ability was inborn by testing so young
Comprehensive School System
This aimed to overcome class divide and abolish 11+ and grammar schools
"Schools for all"
Functionalists argue that comprehensive schools promote social integration and its more meritocratic
Marxists argue streaming and labeling promoted inequality
teachers reject WC pupils
ETHNICITY AND EDUCATION
Explaining the ethnic differences in atainment
Chinese and Indian pupils are highest achievers
Gypsy and black Caribbean have the lowest attainment
There are variations within groups (gender in Asians)
Marketisation of Education
Education reform act
Education market: creating consumer choice and competition by reducing state control
Created a parentocracy to promote choice and raise standards
Policies
Business sponsorship of schools
Open enrolment
Recruit more pupils
Specialist schools
parents chose based on child's talents
formula funding
funding per pupil
league tables
OFSTED
tuition fees for university
Critics argue this reproduces inequality
Cream skimming: Good schools can be more selective and recruit higher achieving middle class pupils
Silt sifting: Good schools avoid taking less able students
School in poor league table positions cannot be selective and lose funding
The myth of parentocracy
marketisation only benefits MC parents because they have the cultural and economic capital to select the best school
Privilidged skilled choosers: MC parents had cultural capital and know how to use it
Disconnected-skilled users: WC
Semi skilled: WC but ambitient
New Labor
Aimed to reduce the inequality that the conservatives had produced
Policies
designed education zones -> extra resources
Aim higher program > raise aspirations
Educational maintenance allowance (EMA)
To stay in sixth form
National literacy and numeray strategy
Increased funding in state education
Criticisms
New labor paradox - their social policies contradicted each other e.g EMA but increasing university fees
Coalition Government
Create "excellence, competition and innovation"
CUTS MADE TO EDUCATIONAL BUDGET
Academies: encourages all schools to move away from LA control
removed focus on reducing inequality
Free Schools: Give control and power to parents
They take fewer disadvantaged pupils
Free school meals for children in KS1
Pupil Premium: School get additional funding for disadvantaged pupils
Criticisms
60% of sure start centers closed down
EMA abolished
Tuition fees increased to $9,000