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Chapter 23 (Taming the City (Industry and the Growth of Cities (typical …

- - - - People in
        cities were always more likely to
        die from the spread of infectious
        disease than were their
        rural counterparts
        more people died than were born
        
        Transplanted
        farm workers fatalistically
        viewed the grim realities ofcity
        life, and death, as the urban
        equivalents of bad weather and
        poor crops
        
        he steam engine
        freed industrialists from dependence
        on the energy
        fast-flowing streams, and rivers
        so that by 1800 there was every
        incentive to build new factories
        in urban areas. Cities had better
        shipping facilities than the
        countryside and thus better
        supplies of coal and raw materials
        
        In the 1820s and 1830s,
        the populations of a number of British cities
        were increasing by 40 to 70 percent
        each decade. The number of people living
        in cities of 20,000 or more in England
        and Walesjumped from 1.5 million
        in 1801 ro 6.3 million in 1851 and
        reached 15.6 million in 1891. Such cities
        accounted for 1. 7 percent of the total
        English population in 1801, 35 percent
        as early as 1851, and fully 54 percent in
        1891
        
        The Advent oft he
        Public Health Movement
        
        Edwin Chadwick, one of the commissioners
        charged with the administration of relief to paupers
        under Britain's revised Poor Law of 1834. Chadwick was
        a follower of radical philosopher
        Jeremy Bentham
        
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- - - - middle classes were smaller
        than they are today. In the nineteenth century, they
        accounted for less than 20 percent of the population.
        
        There developed an almost unlimited range of
        jobs, skills, and earnings; one group or subclass blended
        into another in a complex, confusing hierarchy. T
        
        The People and Occupations
        of the Middle Classes
        
        The number of independent,
        property-owning shopkeepers and small business people
        grew, and so did the number ofwhite-collar employeesa
        mixed group oftraveling salesmen, bookkeepers, store
        managers, and clerks who staffed the offices and branch
        stores of large corporations, ~
        
        Middle-Class Culture and Values
        
        Spending
        on food was also great because the dinner party was
        this class's favored social occasion
        
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