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Nature/Nurture (Behavioural genetics (Genes/Environment Interplay (Many…

- - - - Example of 3 types:
        If musical ability is heritable, musically gifted children are likely to have musically gifted parents who provide them with both genes and an environment conducive to the development of musical ability (passive genotype-environment correlation). Musically talented children might also be picked out at school and given special opportunities (evocative type). Even if no one does anything about their musical talent, gifted children might seek out their own musical environments by selecting musical friends or otherwise creating musical experiences (active type).
      - Detection
        
        *comparing correlations between environmental measures (HOME) and traits in nonadoptive and adoptive families
        *correlations between birth parents' traits and adoptive families' environment
        *Multivariate genetic analysis of the correlation between environmental measures and traits.
        
        Children-of-twins design: A study that includes parents who are twins and the children of each twin.
        
        Extended children-of-twins design: A study that combines a children-of-twins design and a comparable sample of twins who are children and their parents.
    - - Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)
        HOME assesses aspects of the home environment such as parental responsivity, encouragement of developmental advance, and provision of toys.
- - - - Parent's genotype > child genotype
        
        transmission of genetic material
        chromosomes = 2 x DNA strands
        genes = sections of chromosomes
        genes that code for protiens = 2% of genome
        heredity
        46 chromosomes = 23 pairs
        sex
        1 of these 23 pairs = sex
        XX female / XY male
      - Child's genotype > child's phenotype
        
        gene expression - developmental
        genes are switched on and off throughout life
        process primarily controlled by regulator genes
        environment
        gene expression - dominance patterns
        1/3rd genes have 2 or more forms = alleles
        e.g. brown or blue eyes
        dominant/recessive pattern
        gene with 2 alleles 1 dominant 1 recessive
        homozygous = 2 same
        heterozygous = 2 different
        heterozygous including 1 dominant allele = dominant expressed
        few genes code for a single trait
        polygenic model more common
        single gene > multiple traits
      - Child's phenotype > child's environment
        
        evocative
        babies who like to be cuddled get cuddled more
        children who enjoy being read to are exposed to more reading
        active
        select/change surroundings according to interests
        including friends, etc. # #
      - Child's environment > Child's genotype
        
        epigenetics
        methylation = silencing gene expression
        can be passed on - Lamarckian
      - Child's environment > child's phenotype