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Northern Ireland 1920 - 1997 (Birth of the State: 1920s / 1930s…
Northern Ireland 1920 - 1997
Birth of the State: 1920s / 1930s
Established due to Government of Ireland Act 1920, FAT DAD
mainly protestant (unionists) and the minority were the Catholic Nationalists
remained in UK, gained a parliament in Stormont, had power over internal affairs
UUP dominated Stormont led by James Craig, "Protestant Parliament for a Protestant People"
nationalist discrimination, RUC controlled by government
gerrymandering occurred, deliberate organisation of constituencies to give unionists control over local government, way of fixing elections
Craig PM until 1940 death, Basil Brooke took over, continued unionist control, in power 1943 - 1963
Sectarianism occurred, separation of religions, discrimination in housing policy and employment
Tensions grew up to 1960s when they were released due to civil rights movements
WWII
NI played an important role, ports of Derry and Belfast, supply route key stage for Britain in 1940 / 41
Harland and Wolff shipyard for Royal Navy, Luftwaffe bombed Belfast killing hundreds,
end of war saw election of Labour into Westminster, promised improved lives of ordinary people, Welfare State
Welfare state meant all British citizens had a right to free education, health care, even Catholics, better lives
rationing of food and gas occurred
1963 - 1996
1963, Captain Terence O' Neill became Pm, Catholic fairer treatment, O' Neill sympathised, changes faced opposition
O' Neill met Lemass 1965, Jack Lynch 1967, unionists led by Rev Ian Paisley reacted with fury, O' Neill resignation
young nationalists organised into NICRA (NI Civil Rights Association) leading figures were Gerry Fitt, John Hume and Bernadette Devlin, sectarian tensions grew
RUC and B-Specials violent reaction to protests, UVF and UDA (Ulster Defence Association) violent campaign
British Soldiers came in 1969, welcomed but mood quickly changed, Hume + Fitt formed SDLP 1970. peaceful, some joined IRA
Troubles during 70s, IRA attacked RUC and UDA, pubs in Birmingham and Gulidford
Brian Faulkner Government, internment, power to arrest people and send to prison without a trial
Bloody Sunday 30 january 1972, anti-internment march in Bogside area of Derry, British soldiers shot 13 dead
Battle of the Bogside
The Troubles spin out of control
following Bloody Sunday, British suspended Stormont and imposed direct rule
Sunningdale Agreement 1973 aimed to fix problem, power-sharing government. Failure due to unionist strike, many unionists agreed with Craig still
another attempt 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement, Margaret Thatcher and Garret Fitzgerald, strong opposition due to Democratic Unionist Party (DUP)
DUP saw this as a step towards united Ireland, agreement survived, seen as step towards 1994 IRA ceasefire
Good Friday Agreemnt of 1997, UUP David Trimble, SF Gerry Adams and SDLP Hume agreed, referendum support. DUP and SF government 2007, Ian Paisly and Martin McGuiness