ANCEL KEYS: semistarvation experiment with men (set-point/set-range and metabolism)

A.L. WASHBURN and WALTER CANNON: Washburn swallowed a balloon with a recording device; balloon transmitted hunger contractions

glucose: the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues; low levels=hunger

appetite-enhancing: stimulated = well-fed will eat; destroyed = starving will not eat

appetite-suppressing: stimulated = stop eating; destroyed = continuous eating

ghrelin: a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

set point: the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set

basal metabolic rate: a measure of how much energy we use to maintain basic body functions when our body is at rest

set point and metabolism - fat has lower metabolic rate than muscle; body below set point = increased hunger and decreased metabolism

genetic factor - people's weights correspond to biological parents; identical twins have similar weights

food and activity factors - sleep loss = more vulnerable to obesity; social influence = fat friends can lead to fat self; fattening world = eating more and moving less

sexual response cycle: the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

excitement phase - genitalia engorge with blood, vagina expands and secretes lubricant, and breast-nipples enlarge

plateau phase - excitement increases as breathing, pulse, ad blood pressure rates increase, penis is fully engorged and some fluid forms at the tip, vaginal secretion continues to increase

orgasm - rates increase, pulse goes from 70 bpm to 115 bpm, female orgasm positions uterus to receive sperm and draws sperm in

refractory period: a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

sexual dysfunction: a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or function

estrogens: sex hormones (such as estradiol) secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing yo female sex characteristics

testosterone: the most important of the male sex hormones; both males and females have it, but increased testosterone in males stimulates growth of male sex organs in fetus and development of sex characteristics during puberty

psychological influences - exposure to stimulus conditions and sex fantasies

social-cultural influences - family and society values, religious and personal values, cultural expectations, media

external stimuli - men respond more specfically to sexual depictions involving their preferred sex; explicit material may make partners less appealing

autonomy (a sense of personal control) and competence = deep sense of well-being and higher self-esteem

feeling loved activates brain regions associated with reward and safety systems (pre-frontal cortex)

foster children avoid deep attachments - can persist into adulthood (insecure anxious attachment or insecure avoidant attachment

ostracism has mental and physical effects; being ignored has increased brain activity in anterior cingulate cortex, also activates in response to physical pain

lonely people tend to go online'; neighborliness decrease = better relationships; face-to-face communication = better predictor of satisfaction; reveals peoples real personalities; can lead to narcisissm

emotions: a mix of bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience, including thoughts and feelings

James-Lange Theory: the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Cannon-Bard Theory: the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

Two-Factor: the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

Zajonc: emotional reactions apart from interpretation of situation

Richard Lazarus: brain processes vast amount of information without conscious awareness and some emotional process do not require conscious thinking

in a crisis: sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system; mobilize for action and directs adrenaline

after a crisis: parasympathetic division calms body and lowers stress hormones

insula: neural center deep inside the brain; activate when feeling lust, pride, and disgust

polygraph: a machine, commonly used int attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion