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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (FUNCTIONS of the endocrine system include: (Controlling…

- - - - Insulin - decreases blood glucose
      - Glucagon - Increases blood glucose
    - - Testes - Produce testosterone, which stimulates maturation and function of the male reproduction system.
      - Ovaries - produce estrogen and progesterone which stimulate maturation and function of the female reproductive system
    - - Heart - Produces the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which regulates blood volume, as well as sodium levels in the blood.
      - Placenta - Produces Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which helps the corpus luteum release progesterone during the first trimester (thickly lines the uterine wall with blood vessels that support growth of fetus). It also produces Human placental lactogen (hPL), the hormone similar to the growth hormone, in with it aids the metabolic state of the mother which supplies energy to support fetus.
      - Kidneys - Produce the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) to increase the production of erythrocytes (red blood cells that transfer O2 and CO2 to and from tissues).
      - Skin - produces vitamin D that promotes the absorption of calcium from GI tract into blood. Vitamin D is also used by enzymes in the liver and kidneys for the production of calcitriol.
      - Adipose - this tissue produces protein hormones, including leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. These hormones generally influence energy metabolism, as well as help understand/ treat diabetes.
  - - - Posterior portion does not produce hormones, but releases two. These hormones are actually produced by the hypothalamus.
        
        Oxytocin - responsible for uterine contractions and breast milk release.
        
        Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - Kidney resorption of H2O; fluid balance
      - Anterior portion produces six hormones:
        
        Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - Stimulates the thyroid gland for hormone release
        
        Prolactin (PRL) - Produces breastmilk
        
        Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - Development of gametes (and follicle in female)
        
        Luteinizing hormone (LH) - Dev. of gametes (and ovulation in female)
        
        Adrenocortictropic hormone (ACTH) - Stimulates adrenal cortex for release of corticosteroids
        
        Growth Hormone (GH) - stimulates cell growth and division
    - - Medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines) which prolong the "fight-or-flight response.
      - Cortex produces three hormones:
        
        Mineralocorticoids - regulate blood sodium and potassium levels
        
        Glucocorticoids - regulate nutrient levels in blood
        
        Gonadocoticoids - support the sex hormones
- - - - Carrier Proteins
        
        The binding of a carrier molecule to a lipid-soluble hormone is temporary (until the hormone is released in blood).
        
        Unbound-hormones (a very small percentage reached the blood), however, may exit the blood and reach target organs.
        
        Not only do carrier portions aid in transporting lipid-soluble proteins, but they act as a safe guard, preventing the hormone from an early destruction.