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Conflicts between king and parliaments, 1665-81 (Third Dutch War, 1672-74,…
Conflicts between king and parliaments, 1665-81
Fall of Claredon, 1667
Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, dominated political life in the early 1660 but gave little attention to managing parliament on king's behalf.
He was held responsible for England's humiliating defeat in the Second Dutch War of 1665-67. Charles directed parliaments anger against Clarendon who fled to France
The removal of Clarendon as chief minister led to a group of diverse minsters fulfilling his role- Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley and Lauderdale
Third Dutch War, 1672-74
1670 Charles and Louis XVI of France concluded the Secret Treaty of Dover, where Charles would agree to join France in any future French War against the Dutch
MPs were unhappy with this agreement. They were suspicious of Charles' relationship with the Catholic Louis, most sympathised with Protestant Dutch
In secret terms of the Treaty, Charles agreed to convert to Catholicism when he felt the time was right, in return for a pension from the French
Charles Started a Third Dutch War in 1672. Effective propaganda by the Dutch ruler, William of Orange, made the war very unpopular with parliament and the people.
Anger increased with the Declaration of Indulgence of 1672, granting a substantial measure of religious freedom to Catholics and dissenters.
Due to financial demands of the Dutch War Charles II had to declare himself bankrupt, known as Stop the Exchequer.Which was eventually withdrew after 1673
The Test Act required all office holders to declare their opposition to Catholic religious doctrines. James, the Duke of York excluded from high office
Exclusion Crisis, 1678-81
In 1678 a number of wild allegations were made against Catholic nobles and even the queen herself, claiming they were planning to murder the king and Duke of York upon the throne.
Although the 'Popish Plot' was completely fabricated, it have parliament the opportunity to denounce the king's ministers, forcing Charles to dissolce Cavalier Parliament
Exclusion Parliaments, 1679-81
Two 'Exclusion Parliaments' met in London between 1679 and 1681, and each proposed a bill to exclude the Duke of York from the succession of the throne.
This generated widespread political debate,supported by mass demonstrations in favour of exclusion. Charles refused proposed measure, and dissolved each parliament after months
Third Exclusion Parliament met in March 1681. Charles had received a large financial subsidy from Louis XIV, allowing greater independence from Parliament. Could refuse demands
Whigs and Tories
Emergence from Exclusion Crisis, two political groups emerged
Whigs
Those who supported exclusion. Claimed that toleration of Catholics would cause a drift towards royal absolutism, on the French model. Defence England's religion and its traditional liberties
Tories
MPs who were strong believers in the power of the Monarchy, the hereditary succession and respect for authority