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The Atlantic Slave Trade (Slave Life (Previous African Slavery (Slavery…

- - - - 1663 to 1698 only port allowed to trade in African Slaves
      - Initial Monolpoly on trade as over 150000 Africans were carried into slavery
      - As other ports became involved there was an increased focus on banking to fund the trade
      - Insurance companies provided financial security for the trade
      - e.g.. Lloyds Bank, Barings Bank, Barclays Bank and The Bank of England
      - The 'City of London' develops
    - - Position on the west coast provided advantage over London
      - Became specialists in trading with West Africa
      - Marketing slaves in West Indies
      - Developed close relations with slave traders in West Africa, surviving for generations
      - Bristol was trusted more than other slave ports
      - Wealth created by the trade was invested into large expensive public buildings
      - Docks grew
      - New industries started - copper smelting, glass and sugar refining
    - - Totally transformed the city from small insignificant to to one of the richest trading ports in the world
      - Huge dock created, deep waterfront meant that large ships could dock
      - Wealth invested into buildings
      - 60% of all slave ships used Liverpool eventually
      - Other industries grew - ship building, rope making, builders, dock workers, sailors
      - Isle of Man served as a tax haven, avoid duty on imported goods
    - - Glasgow made great profits from the trade in tobacco and sugar
      - British cotton mills relied on supplies of slave produced cotton
      - The whole economy developed from the trades wealth and it was reinvested into industry
- - - - Tried to persuade MPs to accept the need to end the trade in Parliament
      - Lasted for over 20 years, put forth a bill every year
    - - Were common
      - Rumours of Haiti encouraged other slaves to rise up and be more violent
      - A rise in plantation owners fearful about hostility and stubbornness from their slaves had increased
    - - Simply not as profitable as before
      - Production in West Indies never an easy business
      - Natural disasters affected production
      - Sugar production elsewhere (India) cheaper and with no slaves
      - Industrial Revolution offered less risky ways of making profit
    - - Were shown frightening evidence of the trade
      - Equiano shared his personal experience
      - Speeches, books, leaflets handed out to change opinions
      - Made MPs feel as though they might lose seats because the public view had changed
  - - - To counter the Abolitionist campaign, books, articles and speeches were given in defence of slavery
      - A full propaganda campaign of posters was launched showing slavery to be a good thing
    - - The citizens benefit from the slave trade
      - If no slaves there would be no sugar
      - Gave the Africans purpose, benefits and civilisation
      - The slaves would benefit, civilians would lose
      - The wealth of the country would decrease immensely
    - - The slaves are treated very well, fed, music, dancing, games, tobacco
      - Gradual abolition, take as long as they want
      - Better to supply ourselves with slaves in British ships rather than buy them from French, Dutch or Danish traders
    - - Trades would be destroyed like; ship building, ship repairing, rope making, sail making, iron forging and sugar refineries
      - Jobs would be lost
      - It would do serious harm to the cities, Bristol would lose 60% of it's trade
    - - The French revolution, made it so people were fearful of a rapid, big change
      - If don't keep tight control of slaves, the British ones might start a revolt
  - - - Images, Artifacts, Fashion
      - Josiah Wedgwood (Emblem), Thomas Clarkson (Shackles, Torturing Devices)
    - - Shows amount of people who believe in a cause
      - Sent to Parliament to get them to change law
      - Society for the Abolition
    - - Change/Create laws
      - Wilberforce brings slavery issue every year into Parliament
    - - Gain public awareness and change their mind on subject
      - Sons of Africa, Thomas Clarkson
    - - With MPs to change their opinion
    - - Publicity
    - - Just stop buying slave products
  - - - Group of Africans who managed to escape slavery
      - Wrote and spoke about their experiences
      - Olaudah Equiano toured country to promote his autobiography
      - Thousands read and knew about
      - Ottabah Cugoano argued that slavery was morally wrong and that every white man in Britain was responsible
    - - An MP who made speeches and introduced Bills against the slave trade for 20 years
      - Could change government policy to make trade illegal
    - - A Quaker and wealthy pottery owner who supported the movement
      - Designed unofficial emblem of movement "Am I Not a Man and a Brother"
      - Distributed abolitionist material
    - - Travelled around Britain and West Africa collecting evidence from the trade
      - Gave Wilberforce his ammunition to abolish the trade
      - He would show shackles, whips and thumbscrews to his audiences
      - Would show off trade goods made by Africans to show that there was other things Africa could offer
    - - A slave ship captain turned abolitionist and church minister
      - Wrote hymns including 'Amazing Grace'
      - Personal experience of what happened on the ships
    - - Slavery was not wrong at first
      - Individuals inside disliked it
      - Only until 2006 that they did apologise for their involvement
    - - Openly condemned slavery
      - Everyone seen as equal, as friends
      - Campaign to end slave trade
    - - Mr Grenville Sharp pushes the Zong case, tries to change the law
      - Provide Wilberforce with evidence to use in Parliament
    - - The Sugar Boycott, cut demand for slave produced sugar
      - In those days buying and preparing food was seen as a women job, so not buying slave products impacted wealth of the plantations
  - - - Ship left West Africa towards Jamaica with 442 slaves
      - Captain Collingwood was ill
      - The Zong sailed off course, so they'd be late to Jamaica
      - Crew became worried that the drinking water would run out
      - Collingwood told crew that if the slaves were thrown alive overboard to save the crew it would be a loss to the insurers
      - 132 sick slaves were thrown overboard
      - Collingwood died after arriving in Jamaica and 200 slaves sold
    - - When the Zong returned they demanded the insurers pay for the slaves who had died
      - Insurers refused to pay as ships log had disappeared and that there was no actual shortage of water
      - Insurers lost the court case as black people seen by jury and lawyers to be goods and property
      - "Same as if horses had been thrown overboard"
      - Can didn't change the law but became a big publicity stunt that changed public opinion of the trade in newspapers
      - Attracted more support and created a growing group of people who wanted to stop slavery
- - - - Were carried out in canoes
      - Slaves were shaved and stripped naked to prevent disease
      - Safety barriers and netting put up to prevent suicides
      - Slaves believed that white people seized slaves to eat them
      - Slaves were sacked and put below deck on shelves
      - Tight pack for number OR Loose pack for no disease
    - - Slaves chained together below deck
      - Allowed on deck for air and exercise for a short period of time
      - If bad weather the slaves were kept below deck for long period of time
      - Latrine buckets were too small, emptied only once a day, and were placed in bad positions
      - Seasickness and heatstroke were prevalent
      - No room, claustrophobic
      - Every slave was dis-oriented, no idea where they were going
      - They spelt, urinated, dedicated, gave birth, went insane and died all in the same position
      - Hot, stuffy, terrible smell
    - - Fed twice a day and given pint of water
      - Good weather meant slave were allowed on deck
      - On deck they would clean, exercise (through dancing) and be inspected
      - Only allowed on deck once land was out of sight
      - Journey was 6-8 weeks
    - - Everyone dreaded the outbreak of disease on the ship
      - Would spread quickly around the ship, even worse when bad weather occurred and the slaves were kept below deck
      - eg. dysentyr, dropsy, scarlet fever and smallpox
    - - Most unpleasant of all deep water sailing duties
      - Only the most desperate, ignorant or those need of paying off debt signed up
      - Deaths were high, as catching disease was easy
      - Raped slaves "belly warmers"
      - Sometimes left in West Indies to save the company money
    - - 1 in 8 had some sort of rebellion
      - Slaves managed to arm themselves and break chains
      - Most often time was when the slaves were unchained on deck
      - Crew would be wary and well armed for an attack so would crush any sort of rebellion
      - Most rebellions were discovered before any danger and the slaves would be punished
      - Rare success reasons
        
        Scared and punishments
        
        Weak
        
        No leaders
        
        Chained
        
        Few weapons
        
        Language barrier
        
        Crew prepared
  - - - Factory work
      - Slave driver (in charge of other slaves)
      - Field hands
      - House slave
    - - Hot
      - Hard labour
      - Long hours
      - Punished for not working hard
    - - Over-crowded
      - Slept on floor
      - Harsh, no comforts
      - Family unit better
    - - Didn't mean anything
      - Broken apart at any time
      - Arranged
      - Mixed race children
      - 50% of slave babies die in 1st year
    - - Little meat
      - Vegetables and Grain
      - Given to grow own