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Principles of Toxicology (Toxicity Outcomes (Immediate vs Delay toxicity…
Principles of Toxicology
Definitions
Toxicology - study of adverse events of chemicals
Environmental toxicology - study of impacts of environmental contaminants on biological organisms
Ecotoxicology - science of contaminants and their effects in the biosphere
Biosphere - living organism and environment
Nomenclature
Toxin (biological organisms)
Toxicants (human activity or not produced by human activities or biological organisms)
Xenobiotic - synthetic material foreign to the human body (aka pharmaceutical drugs)
Toxicity Outcomes
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Allergic Reactions
Chemical allergy - adverse reaction to a chemical that is immunologically mediated; occurs due to previous sensitization to that chemical or one with similar structure
- Determined by dosage
- preexposure is needed to produce toxic effect
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Types of Antagonism
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Dispositional Antagonism - disposition of compound changed so duration or concentration of chemical at target organ is reduced
Disposition = ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion)
Ex. Prevent absorption of chemical by administering charcoal, or administering compounds to alter drug metabolism to decrease toxicity
Receptor antagonism
When two compounds bind to the same receptor and produce less of an effect when given together than when separate (4+6 = 8)
OR
One chemical antagonizes (blocks) the effects of the second chemical (0+4 = 1)
Tolerance
Reduced responsiveness to toxic effects of a chemical due to prior exposure of that compound or a structurally related compound
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Chemical Interactions
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Potentiation - first compound not toxic but when combined with second compound, it makes second compound much more toxic (0+10 = 20)
Ex. Isopropanol (not hepatotoxic) + carbon tetrachloride (hepatotoxic) --> hepatotoxicity greater than expected with just CCl4
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Antagonism (also see Types of Antagonism)
Two compounds are given together interfere with the actions of one or both compounds
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