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Final exam coggle Sean Albright Chapter 1 - Chapter 7 (Chapter 7:…
Final exam coggle
Sean Albright Chapter 1 - Chapter 7
Chapter 1: What is Chemistry?
Chemistry
Def: Is the use of these processes to form new substances.
Areas of Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Def: Is the branch of chemistry that deals with inorganic compounds.
Analytical Chemistry
Def: Is the studies and uses instruments and methods used to separate, identify, and quantify matter.
Organic Chemistry
Def: Is the chemistry of carbon compounds (other than simple salts such as carbonates, oxides, and carbides).
Biochemistry
Def: Is the branch of science concerned with the chemical and physicochemical processes that occur within living organisms.
Physical chemistry
Def: Is the branch of chemistry concerned with the application of the techniques and theories of physics to the study of chemical systems.
Microscope
Def: is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
Matter
Def: is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.
Macroscopic
Def: is the length scale on which objects or phenomena are large enough to be visible almost practically with the naked eye, without magnifying optical instruments.
Reasearch
Def: Is the pursuit of new knowledge through the process of discovery.
Applied Reasearch
Def: Is the scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical problems.
Pure Reasearch
Def: Is scientific research aimed to improve scientific theories for improved understanding or prediction of natural or other phenomena.
Chapter 2:Matter Change
Substances
Def: Is matter which has a specific composition and specific properties
Liquid
Def: A Substance that can be broken apart (Put in a container)
Gas
Def: A Substance that floats in the air some times liquid and can fall to the ground
Solid
Def: A hard substance that can be broken but it takes a certain amount of force to break it
Elements
Def: Is composed of atoms that have the same atomic number, that is, each atom has the same number of protons in its nucleus as all other atoms of that element.
Physical Properties
Def: Is any property that is measurable, whose value describes a state of a physical system.
Examples: matter include color, hardness, malleability, solubility, electrical conductivity, density, melting points, and boiling points.
Compound
Def: Is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together.
Density
Def: Is the degree of compactness of a substance.
Hardness
Def: it is hard very hard and it is a certain about of hard to break down
Melting points
Def:Is the degree of compactness of a substance.
Boiling Points
Def: Is the temperature at which a liquid boils and turns to vapor.
Chapter 4: Atomic Structure
Law of Conservation of Mass
Def:Is the Atoms are the smallest particles of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction
Law of Definite Properties
Def:is a law of constant composition states that a given chemical compound always contains its component elements in fixed ratio (by mass) and does not depend on its source and method of preparation.
Law of Multiple Properties
Def: Is when two elements combine in more than one proportion to form two or more compounds the weights of one element that combine with a given weight of the other element are in the ratios of small whole numbers.
Who was John Dalton? What did he do?
John Dalton was a English Chemist He a created the atomic theory
Examples:
Dalton's Atomic theory (Atomic theory)
Def: chem the theory that matter consists of indivisible particles called atoms and that atoms of a given element are all identical and can neither be created nor destroyed.
Electrons
Def: Is a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.
Exsamples:
Cation
Def:Is a Positively charged ion one that would be attracted to the cathode in electrolysis.
Anode
Def:Is the positively charged electrode by which the electrons leave a device.
Chapter 3: Measurements
Measurement
Def: Is collection of quantitative or numerical data that describes a property of an object or event. A measurement is made by comparing a quantity with a standard unit
Exsamples
Volume
Def:is the quantity of threedimensional space occupied by a liquid, solid, or gas.
Length
Def:Is the measurement or extent of something from end to end; the greater of two or the greatest of three dimensions of a body.
Meter
Def: is the basic unit of length in the SI system of units.
Scientific Notation
Def: Is a mathematical expression used to represent a decimal number between 1 and 10 multiplied by ten, so you can write large numbers using less digits.
Metric prefixes
Def: is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or fraction of the unit.
Mass
Def: is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. Mass is usually measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg).
SI Base Units
Def: Is the Seven Basic units Divided in 3 different systems
Examples:
The English System
Def:Is defined as the measurement system used in many countries including the United States using feet, pounds and seconds.
The International System of Units
Def: is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement.
The Metric system
Def:Is the decimal measuring system based on the meter, liter, and gram as units of length, capacity, and weight or mass.
Weight
Def:is the name of the force exerted on an object due to the acceleration of gravity.
Accuracy
Def:Is How close it come to the actual target/number
Precision
Def:How close a series of measurements are to one another
Significant figures
Non Zeros to 5. Weird Zeros Definitions
3.Left Handed Zeros
Def:Is Zeros appearing to the left of the first nonzero number are not significant.
4.Right Handed Zeros
Def: Is Zeros at the end of a number that are right of the decimal are significant
2.Zero Sandwich
Def:is Zeros between nonzero number significant
5.Weird zeros
Def:Is Zeros that appear at the end of the number BUT before the decimal would be... when no decimal is present
1.Non zeros
Def: Is Every nonzero numbers is significant
Chapter 5: Electrons in Atoms
Wavelength
Def:Is the distance between successive crests of a wave, especially points in a sound wave or electromagnetic wave.
Examples:
Crest
Def:Is the point on a wave with the maximum value or upward displacement within a cycle.
Trough
Def: Is a long, narrow open container for animals to eat or drink out of.
Frequency
Def: Is the number of complete cycles per second in alternating current direction.
Properties of light
Def: Is divided into ten different properties for certain types of light
Examples:
Electromagnetic Radiation
Def: is a form of energy that is produced by oscillating electric and magnetic disturbance, or by the movement of electrically charged particles traveling through a vacuum or matter.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Def:is the entire range of wavelengths or frequencies of electromagnetic radiation extending from gamma rays to the longest radio waves and including visible light
Quantum
Def:Is a branch of chemistry whose primary focus is the application of quantum mechanics in physical models and experiments of chemical systems.
Chapter 6:The periodic table
The Law of Octaves
Def:Is the chemical elements are arranged according to increasing atomic weight, those with similar physical and chemical properties occur after each interval of seven elements
Who is Mendeleev? What did Mendeleev Do?
Mendeleev is a Russian Chemist who created the Periodic table by atomic mass
Example:
why is Element number 101 Mendelevium?
Because It is Named after him to
Mendeleev's Periodic table
It is a periodic table organized by Atomic mass Published in 1869
The Periodic Law
Def:Is a law in chemistry: the elements when arranged in the order of their atomic numbers show a periodic variation of atomic structure and of most of their properties called also Mendeleev's law.
Examples:
Groups
Def:More than one
Period
Def: One not more than one
Metals
Def: Is a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity
Non Metals
Def:is an element that doesn't have the characteristics of metal including: ability to conduct heat or electricity, luster, or flexibility.
Metalloids
Def:Is an element whose properties are intermediate between those of metals and solid nonmetals. They are electrical semiconductors.
Chapter 7: Chemical Nonmenclature
Electron dot diagrams
Def: Is the Lewis dot diagrams and structures it helps you make formulas
isoelectronic
Def: Is The having the same numbers of electrons or the same electronic structure.
Octet Rule
Def: is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects observation that atoms of main-group elements tend to combine in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electron configuration as a noble gas.
Cation Formation
Def: a positively charged ion that is attracted to the cathode in electrolysis.
Anion Formation
Def:are formed when a metal loses electrons, and a nonmetal gains those electrons.
Transition Metal ion Formation
Def:Is the 4s orbital behaves as the outermost, highest energy orbital.
Ionic Bonding
Def:formed between two ions with opposite charges.
Elastrosatic force
Def: is a system of 15 independent equations and equal number of unknowns
Ionic Bond
Def:formed between two ions with opposite charges.
Ionic Compound
Def: is a chemical compound composed of ions held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonding