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Chapter 4 (4.5 Higher Level Visual Perception (4.5.5 Other Theories of…

- - - - muscular activity of the two eyes
      - the fusion of two images
    - - camera -> the screen moves according to the principles of motion parallax
      - 3D -> simulate depth perception using the discrepancy between the two images
    - - size -> larger -> closer
      - interposition -> blocking object -> closer
      - contrast & clarity & brightness -> sharper & more distinct -> nearer
      - shadow -> cues
      - texture -> less grainy -> further
      - motion parallax -> move -> different rates
      - stereoscopic depth -> different angles -> fusion of 2 images -> VR
  - - - similarity -> same shape / color -> group
      - common fate -> move together
      - continuation -> group into lines / shapes
      - closure -> missing parts -> filled in
      - symmetry -> coherent figures
      - figure-ground -> geometric -> simplest &best & most stable shape
      - proximity -> closer together -> group
  - - - perception-as-phenomenological-experience
      - psycho-physiological
      - perception-in-information-processing
- - - - touch
      - taste
- - - - :check: illuminance -> incident light
      - :check: luminance -> reflected light
        white -> 80% reflectances
        black -> 10% reflectances
    - - candelas -> cd/m 2
    - - luminance -> high -> sensitive to flicker
      - contrast -> light emitted from an object and surrounding background
      - brightness -> subjective -> a high luminance -> a high brightness
      - Hermann grid -> distracting -> Adding color or shading & increasing the spacing of the icons both vertically and horizontally,
      - figure and ground -> objects & background objects -> keeping objects that are figure prominent, and maintaining a useful ground
      - appropriately sized -> 4.3-mm object and a 6.1-mm object, respectively, viewed from 1 m
        in good viewing conditions a minimal perceptible visual angle of about 15 min of arc
        in poor viewing conditions this should be increased to 21 min
      - eld of view -> 208 horizontally & 120vertically. -> determining the size of a particular display screen or the layout of displays and control equipment
  - - - foveal -> yellow-green -> good
      - periphery -> blue -> good
      - periphery -> red & green & yellow -> poor
    - - red–green
      - yellow–blue)
  - - - additive -> computer displays -> RGB -> red green blue
      - subtractive -> printed paper -> CMYK -> cyan magenta yellow black
  - - - :check: Differences in color
      - :check: straight line segments in a set of smooth curves
      - :red_cross: open circles with circles
      - :red_cross: slight changes in size
- - - - Low tones of equal loudness -> more volume & less intensity
      - Fourier analysis may not work
      - 256 Hz & 257 Hz -> go in and out of phase -> accurate way of measuring the difference between two tones
  - - - the time taken for waves to reach the ears
      - head and shoulder movements
    - - long wavelength -> diffraction -> little / no shadow is cast by the head
    - - short wavelength -> no diffraction
      - the head effectively acts like a low pass filter
    - - the half wavelength of the sound is about 23 cm -> 750 Hz
      - time delay -> 690 ls
      - Head movements or movement of the sound source may resolve this ambiguity
  - - - provide voice output
      - provide audible alerts
    - - usually to prefer a clear, slightly high, female voice if you can only choose one
    - - vehicle satellite navigation -> British accent
    - - default include ring tones
- - - - :check: retina
      - :check: rod
      - :check: cone cells (the sensory receptors in the eye which respond to different light waves)
      - :check: fovea
      - :check: optic nerve
      - :check: lens
    - - :check: visual angle
      - :check: visual acuity
      - :check: accommodation -> muscles relax when the object is further away
        old people -> the lens stiffens -> glasses
      - :check: fovea -> a small part of the retina, about 1–2 of visual arc,
        Surrounding the fovea is the parafovea -> a lower level of visual acuity than the fovea
      - :check: saccades -> to clearly perceive a scene of any size the eyes must move around
        200ms -> program
        20~200ms -> interval of the persistence of vision
      - :check: pupil -> expanding and contracting -> amount of light
      - :check: adaptation -> sensory phenomena -> micro-saccades
      - :check: after exposure to a stimulus the sensi-tivity to that stimulus reduces; after removal of the stimulus, the sensitivity returns.
- - - - motivation is something that drives behavior
      - governed by the central nervous system -> have no conscious control over these sorts of actions.
    - - needs
      - incentives
      - expectations
      - conflicting motivations
      - unconscious factors
    - - physicological
      - behavioral
      - psycho-social
  - - - basic needs -> met for designers and many users
      - higher level needs -> attention from our perspective
    - - Motivation 1.0 -> have to do to survive
      - Motivation 2.0 -> extrinsic motivation needs to be supplied
      - Motivation 3.0 -> intrinsically motivated -> creativity & high performance
    - - right balance between extrinsic and intrinsic rewards
    - - Autonomy -> the ability to choose
      - Mastery -> the desire to understand a process or task and to get better at performing it -> Vygotsky & appropriate scaffolding & the Zone of Proximal Development & flow
      - Purpose -> the desire to improve things -> important -> free of charge
  - - - your particular users,
      - the particular tasks they are doing,
      - the particular context in which they are working
    - - work setting
      - leisure setting
    - - important items stand out on a crowded screen
      - audible alarms
      - not easy for user in leisure setting
    - - different